{"paper":{"title":"Design and Practical Validation of a Novel Modulation Scheme for RIS Detection and Identification","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"A modulation scheme uses passive beamforming to encode RIS identifiers over the air and combines it with beam sweeping to lower miss-detection and false-alarm rates.","cross_cats":["cs.IT","math.IT"],"primary_cat":"eess.SP","authors_text":"Adam Umra, Aydin Sezgin, Aymen Khaleel","submitted_at":"2026-05-16T14:11:30Z","abstract_excerpt":"The reconfigurable intelligent surfaces detection and identification (RISs-ID) is a critical process that enables a base station (BS) to adaptively assign the appropriate RIS to a given user equipment (UE). This work proposes a novel modulation scheme to enhance the reliability of RIS-ID by reducing the miss detection and false-alarm probabilities. Specifically, we leverage the RIS's passive beamforming gain to enable over-the-air modulation of the RIS ID, combined with passive beam sweeping to extend detection coverage in angular space. The proposed modulation scheme is validated through comp"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"The proposed modulation scheme reduces miss-detection and false-alarm probabilities by leveraging the RIS's passive beamforming gain to enable over-the-air modulation of the RIS ID combined with passive beam sweeping.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The RIS hardware can execute the required passive beamforming and beam sweeping patterns with sufficient precision and without introducing unmodeled distortions or power constraints that would degrade the ID modulation in real deployments.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"A novel modulation scheme for RIS detection and identification that uses passive beamforming for over-the-air ID modulation and beam sweeping for coverage, shown to lower miss-detection and false-alarm rates in simulations and prototype tests.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"A modulation scheme uses passive beamforming to encode RIS identifiers over the air and combines it with beam sweeping to lower miss-detection and false-alarm rates.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"1558aff5c3fb1cbc1fcebafeddcc310f527044def70953a96fe78e0af018b8f1"},"source":{"id":"2605.17009","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"1a3079db-12ac-4bf0-90d7-2ed4ffb60a0d","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T19:19:36.258029Z","strongest_claim":"The proposed modulation scheme reduces miss-detection and false-alarm probabilities by leveraging the RIS's passive beamforming gain to enable over-the-air modulation of the RIS ID combined with passive beam sweeping.","one_line_summary":"A novel modulation scheme for RIS detection and identification that uses passive beamforming for over-the-air ID modulation and beam sweeping for coverage, shown to lower miss-detection and false-alarm rates in simulations and prototype tests.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The RIS hardware can execute the required passive beamforming and beam sweeping patterns with sufficient precision and without introducing unmodeled distortions or power constraints that would degrade the ID modulation in real deployments.","pith_extraction_headline":"A modulation scheme uses passive beamforming to encode RIS identifiers over the air and combines it with beam sweeping to lower miss-detection and false-alarm rates."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.17009/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"citation_quote_validity","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:49:50.322200Z","status":"completed","version":"0.1.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_title_agreement","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:31:18.870708Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"doi_compliance","ran_at":"2026-05-19T19:30:41.838213Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"cited_work_retraction","ran_at":"2026-05-19T18:52:03.358912Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T18:41:56.192387Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T18:33:26.281733Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"f2ead3f5cee133d623e5cbd018c5f08cf73105b6481a46669b738a1b4679b498"},"references":{"count":15,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2024,"title":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for 6G: Emerging hardware architectures, applications, and open challenges,","work_id":"659d1d15-796b-4ff6-98c7-c5677a9cf036","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2021,"title":"Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Principles and opportunities,","work_id":"3244ae38-66a7-4bb8-83a7-1fe75407d12a","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"A compre- hensive design framework for UE-side and BS-side RIS deployments,","work_id":"608f8020-3aa9-4717-b9f9-979a8b078e2a","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2023,"title":"A comprehensive dataset of RIS-based channel measurements in the 5 GHz band,","work_id":"7762f181-cc47-426c-b7f1-2e26bb4befc5","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"Wireless localization with space–time-coded reconfigurable intelligent surfaces,","work_id":"68326e95-8aa1-45ca-96eb-cce4dc66e38b","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":15,"snapshot_sha256":"5ef34c93a961b68852addcf78e8ace0081051fca3fa199bacfb07e1e4806414f","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}