{"paper":{"title":"EVA-0: Test-Time Model Evolution with Only Two Forward Passes per Sample","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.AI"],"primary_cat":"cs.LG","authors_text":"Chunyan Miao, Geng Li, Guohao Chen, Jianfei Yang, Shilin Shan, Shuaicheng Niu, Yunbei Zhang","submitted_at":"2026-05-15T09:26:02Z","abstract_excerpt":"Test-time model evolution offers a promising way for deployed models to improve from unlabeled test-time experience, yet most existing methods depend on backpropagation (BP), which incurs substantial memory overhead and makes them difficult to deploy on edge devices, quantized models, specialized accelerators, or black-box models. In this work, we study test-time model evolution under a strict two-forward budget, a setting that pushes adaptation toward highly efficient real-world deployment. We reveal three key obstacles in zeroth-order test-time optimization: susceptibility to shortcut soluti"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.18867","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.18867/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}