{"paper":{"title":"Optimized Three-Dimensional Photovoltaic Structures with LLM guided Tree Search","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cond-mat.other","physics.comp-ph"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"John C. Platt, Lizzie Dorfman, Michael P. Brenner","submitted_at":"2026-05-15T17:10:22Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present a case study for how AI coding systems can be used to generate novel scientific hypotheses. We combine a generic coding agent (Google's AntiGravity) with an LLM-driven tree search algorithm (Empirical Research Assistance / ERA) to autonomously generate high-efficiency three-dimensional photovoltaic (3DPV) structures that overcome losses limiting flat solar panels at mid-latitudes. These structures operate by presenting favorable angles to the sun throughout the day, and for illustrative purposes we focus on optimizing performance for a single solar day. Our workflow begins by using "},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2605.16191","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2605.16191/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[{"name":"cited_work_retraction","ran_at":"2026-05-19T17:52:00.698343Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"citation_quote_validity","ran_at":"2026-05-19T17:49:47.006127Z","status":"skipped","version":"0.1.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"ai_meta_artifact","ran_at":"2026-05-19T17:33:30.554252Z","status":"skipped","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"external_links","ran_at":"2026-05-19T17:31:41.574928Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0},{"name":"claim_evidence","ran_at":"2026-05-19T16:41:55.411614Z","status":"completed","version":"1.0.0","findings_count":0}],"snapshot_sha256":"e211f782ba104598361c2ae5ff2509b748fe9a0e00dc652b6a392ba21043356e"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}