{"paper":{"title":"Inconsistencies in the Definition and Annotation of Student Engagement in Virtual Learning Datasets: A Critical Review","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["cs.CV"],"primary_cat":"cs.HC","authors_text":"Ali Abedi, Shehroz S. Khan, Tracey Colella","submitted_at":"2022-08-09T05:35:16Z","abstract_excerpt":"Background: Student engagement (SE) in virtual learning can have a major impact on meeting learning objectives and program dropout risks. Developing Artificial Intelligence (AI) models for automatic SE measurement requires annotated datasets. However, existing SE datasets suffer from inconsistent definitions and annotation protocols mostly unaligned with the definition of SE in educational psychology. This issue could be misleading in developing generalizable AI models and make it hard to compare the performance of these models developed on different datasets. The objective of this critical re"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2208.04548","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2208.04548/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}