{"paper":{"title":"Higher Order Birkhoff Averages","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["math.CA"],"primary_cat":"math.DS","authors_text":"Thomas Jordan, Todd Young, Vincent Naudot","submitted_at":"2008-06-18T19:59:09Z","abstract_excerpt":"There are well-known examples of dynamical systems for which the Birkhoff averages with respect to a given observable along some or all of the orbits do not converge. It has been suggested that such orbits could be classified using higher order averages. In the case of a bounded observable, we show that a classical result of G.H. Hardy implies that if the Birkhoff averages do not converge, then neither do the higher order averages.\n  If the Birkhoff averages do not converge then we may denote by $[\\alpha_k,\\beta_k]$ the limit set of the $k$-th order averages. The sequence of intervals thus gen"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"0806.3060","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}