{"paper":{"title":"Full Two-Port S-Parameters at mK Temperatures: a Calibration Strategy and Uncertainty Budget","license":"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/","headline":"A single-cycle Short-Open-Load-Reciprocal calibration referenced to room-temperature standards enables full two-port S-parameter measurements at millikelvin temperatures with a complete uncertainty budget.","cross_cats":["quant-ph"],"primary_cat":"physics.ins-det","authors_text":"Alessandro Alocco, Andrea Celotto, Bernardo Galvano, Ehsan Shokrolahzade, Emanuele Enrico, Faisal A. Mubarak, Luca Fasolo, Luca Oberto, Marco Spirito, Paolo Terzi","submitted_at":"2025-05-26T12:45:30Z","abstract_excerpt":"This paper describes the developed setup and characterization approach for full two-port calibrated S-parameter measurements at cryogenic temperatures, together with a complete uncertainty budget. The system developed at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM, Italy), exploits the Short-Open-Load-Reciprocal technique to realize error-corrected cryogenic measurements within a single cooling cycle. The system operates down to mK temperatures over the 4-12 GHz band in coaxial line. Calibration standards are referenced to SI-traceable room-temperature measurements, while a numerical "},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"The system exploits the Short-Open-Load-Reciprocal technique to realize error-corrected cryogenic measurements within a single cooling cycle, with calibration standards referenced to SI-traceable room-temperature measurements and a numerical approach to evaluate response shift upon cooling for the uncertainty budget; test result on a 20 dB attenuator yields 20.70 +/- 0.08 dB at 6 GHz.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The numerical approach used to evaluate the response shift of the artifacts upon cooling accurately captures all relevant cryogenic changes and derives a valid additional uncertainty contribution without significant unmodeled systematic effects or biases (abstract: 'a numerical approach is used to evaluate the response shift of the artifacts upon cooling and to derive an additional cryogenic uncertainty contribution for the measurement uncertainty budget').","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"A calibration strategy and uncertainty budget for full two-port S-parameter measurements at mK temperatures over 4-12 GHz using SOLR in coaxial line with SI-traceable room-temperature references and numerical cryo-shift modeling.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"A single-cycle Short-Open-Load-Reciprocal calibration referenced to room-temperature standards enables full two-port S-parameter measurements at millikelvin temperatures with a complete uncertainty budget.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"bfbe2a49120b161c1e923f20c6d0d09d96bd42ee502ecc95f06fdcb73254ce66"},"source":{"id":"2505.19922","kind":"arxiv","version":4},"verdict":{"id":"2e40c69c-8e19-4d8d-baca-f7b820f0aee7","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-19T13:34:14.090187Z","strongest_claim":"The system exploits the Short-Open-Load-Reciprocal technique to realize error-corrected cryogenic measurements within a single cooling cycle, with calibration standards referenced to SI-traceable room-temperature measurements and a numerical approach to evaluate response shift upon cooling for the uncertainty budget; test result on a 20 dB attenuator yields 20.70 +/- 0.08 dB at 6 GHz.","one_line_summary":"A calibration strategy and uncertainty budget for full two-port S-parameter measurements at mK temperatures over 4-12 GHz using SOLR in coaxial line with SI-traceable room-temperature references and numerical cryo-shift modeling.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The numerical approach used to evaluate the response shift of the artifacts upon cooling accurately captures all relevant cryogenic changes and derives a valid additional uncertainty contribution without significant unmodeled systematic effects or biases (abstract: 'a numerical approach is used to evaluate the response shift of the artifacts upon cooling and to derive an additional cryogenic uncertainty contribution for the measurement uncertainty budget').","pith_extraction_headline":"A single-cycle Short-Open-Load-Reciprocal calibration referenced to room-temperature standards enables full two-port S-parameter measurements at millikelvin temperatures with a complete uncertainty budget."},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2505.19922/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":2,"snapshot_sha256":"156be70805ee9571ea23849dbbdbd2beb497d104cf260b3b28aebb0bb5774c01"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}