{"paper":{"title":"Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Staged release of language models allows time to assess risks and benefits as capabilities grow.","cross_cats":["cs.AI","cs.CY"],"primary_cat":"cs.CL","authors_text":"Alec Radford, Alex Newhouse, Amanda Askell, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Irene Solaiman, Jack Clark, Jasmine Wang, Jason Blazakis, Jeff Wu, Jong Wook Kim, Kris McGuffie, Miles Brundage, Miles McCain, Sarah Kreps","submitted_at":"2019-08-24T20:41:40Z","abstract_excerpt":"Large language models have a range of beneficial uses: they can assist in prose, poetry, and programming; analyze dataset biases; and more. However, their flexibility and generative capabilities also raise misuse concerns. This report discusses OpenAI's work related to the release of its GPT-2 language model. It discusses staged release, which allows time between model releases to conduct risk and benefit analyses as model sizes increased. It also discusses ongoing partnership-based research and provides recommendations for better coordination and responsible publication in AI."},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"Staged release, which allows time between model releases to conduct risk and benefit analyses as model sizes increased.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"That the time between staged releases is sufficient to conduct meaningful risk and benefit analyses and that partnerships will lead to better outcomes.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"OpenAI describes using staged releases for GPT-2 to balance beneficial uses against misuse risks and offers recommendations for AI publication.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Staged release of language models allows time to assess risks and benefits as capabilities grow.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"e372bf245dbaa02c93bbb7a83d196ae03fd030f722b54178640f2bcacfbd4191"},"source":{"id":"1908.09203","kind":"arxiv","version":2},"verdict":{"id":"66903fb8-31c9-49ea-9768-649372167deb","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-16T16:13:33.941956Z","strongest_claim":"Staged release, which allows time between model releases to conduct risk and benefit analyses as model sizes increased.","one_line_summary":"OpenAI describes using staged releases for GPT-2 to balance beneficial uses against misuse risks and offers recommendations for AI publication.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"That the time between staged releases is sufficient to conduct meaningful risk and benefit analyses and that partnerships will lead to better outcomes.","pith_extraction_headline":"Staged release of language models allows time to assess risks and benefits as capabilities grow."},"references":{"count":5,"sample":[{"doi":"10.1126/science.aal4230","year":2014,"title":"arXiv , Author =:1511.01432 , Primaryclass =","work_id":"60a2966d-e442-4e8e-b5dc-ea4455e04be8","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"1511.01432","is_internal_anchor":true},{"doi":"10.1145/3287560.3287596","year":2019,"title":"Clinically Accurate Chest X-Ray Report Generation","work_id":"3d24a7a1-5ca0-420d-9d93-775028103e6d","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"1904.02633","is_internal_anchor":true},{"doi":"","year":2019,"title":"(Accessed on 08/15/2019)","work_id":"cc0a0070-dd40-4b69-a44a-ed97e1e0e4a2","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.18653/v1/n18-1202","year":2019,"title":"doi: 10.18653/v1/N18-1202","work_id":"a17f7dc7-836c-4e5e-bd49-fe40b25680aa","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1007/s12115-017-0114-0","year":2012,"title":"criminal through he/his pronouns, describing a criminal as a “man","work_id":"5306ab29-502a-43c3-8f3a-54dd655dcc66","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":5,"snapshot_sha256":"4278816cc3eee5e0807fc77e69d5c70c66f127a12bf9c49098f723213ab65533","internal_anchors":2},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":1,"snapshot_sha256":"846a2d8fa4cafe7f45ea340662aa9145d70f692d8cc4f247de1c99dbdbf6287f"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}