{"paper":{"title":"Detecting the Birth of Supermassive Black Holes Formed from Heavy Seeds","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":["astro-ph.CO","astro-ph.HE"],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","authors_text":"Alexey Vikhlinin, Andrea Ferrara, Fabio Pacucci, Feryal Ozel, Grant R. Tremblay, Marta Volonteri, Megan C. Urry, Nico Cappelluti, Priyamvada Natarajan, Raffaella Schneider, Rosa Valiante, Vivienne Baldassare, Xiaohui Fan, Zoltan Haiman","submitted_at":"2019-03-18T18:00:01Z","abstract_excerpt":"In this white paper we explore the capabilities required to identify and study supermassive black holes formed from heavy seeds ($\\mathrm{M_{\\bullet}} \\sim 10^4 - 10^6 \\, \\mathrm{M_{\\odot}}$) in the early Universe. To obtain an unequivocal detection of heavy seeds we need to probe mass scales of $\\sim 10^{5-6} \\, \\mathrm{M_{\\odot}}$ at redshift $z \\gtrsim 10$. From this theoretical perspective, we review the observational requirements and how they compare with planned/proposed instruments, in the infrared, X-ray and gravitational waves realms. In conclusion, detecting heavy black hole seeds at"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"1903.07623","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}