{"paper":{"title":"Effect of free-stream turbulence on a moderate adverse pressure gradient turbulent boundary layer developing over an airfoil","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Francesco Scarano, Tomek Jaroslawski","submitted_at":"2026-07-23T08:31:53Z","abstract_excerpt":"Turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) subjected to adverse pressure gradients (APGs) are common to industrial aerodynamic applications, yet the effect of freestream turbulence (FST) on TBLs developing under moderate APGs remains insufficiently understood. Wind-tunnel experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of FST on a developing TBL over a NACA 0015 airfoil. Varying the angle of attack (2 and 4$^\\circ$) adjusted the pressure gradient, and hotwire anemometry measured boundary layer properties at different chordwise positions ($x/c$ = 0.400--0.625, with $\\beta = \\delta^*/\\tau_0 dP/dx$ ="},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.21047","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2607.21047/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}