{"paper":{"title":"Hybrid Simulations of Proton Acceleration at Oblique High-$\\beta$ Shocks","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"astro-ph.HE","authors_text":"Damiano Caprioli, Luca Orusa, Yevhen Kylivnyk","submitted_at":"2026-07-09T18:00:11Z","abstract_excerpt":"Collisionless shocks in the intracluster and intergalactic medium (ICM/IGM) are expected to energize both electrons and ions. While electron acceleration is revealed by prominent radio emission, $\\gamma$-ray emission from hadronic interactions remains undetected, suggesting that high-$\\beta$ (ratio of thermal to magnetic pressure), low-Mach-number shocks cannot accelerate protons efficiently. We present three-dimensional hybrid simulations, in which ions are treated kinetically and electrons as a fluid, of quasi-perpendicular (magnetic obliquity $\\vartheta = 80^\\circ$) shocks with sonic Mach n"},"claims":{"count":0,"items":[],"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"source":{"id":"2607.08835","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":null,"model_set":{},"created_at":null,"strongest_claim":"","one_line_summary":"","pipeline_version":null,"weakest_assumption":"","pith_extraction_headline":""},"integrity":{"clean":true,"summary":{"advisory":0,"critical":0,"by_detector":{},"informational":0},"endpoint":"/pith/2607.08835/integrity.json","findings":[],"available":true,"detectors_run":[],"snapshot_sha256":"c28c3603d3b5d939e8dc4c7e95fa8dfce3d595e45f758748cecf8e644a296938"},"references":{"count":0,"sample":[],"resolved_work":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}