{"paper":{"title":"Time-Resolved Pore-Scale Imaging of Multiphase Dissolution during CO2-Saturated Brine Injection into a Carbonate: Competition between Hydrocarbon Mobilisation and Swelling","license":"http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/","headline":"Effective dissolution rates in residual-oil carbonate rock are controlled by the competition between hydrocarbon swelling and ganglion mobilisation.","cross_cats":[],"primary_cat":"physics.flu-dyn","authors_text":"Branko Bijeljic, Martin J. Blunt, Qianqian Ma, Rukuan Chai, Yanghua Wang, Zhuangzhuang Ma","submitted_at":"2026-05-12T19:47:14Z","abstract_excerpt":"We present time-resolved pore-scale experiments in which CO2-saturated brine was injected into a water-wet Ketton limestone sample containing residual hydrocarbon under reservoir conditions (8 MPa, 50 {\\deg}C) and monitored by 4D X-ray microtomography. Equivalent pore-network models were extracted at each scan time to track pore geometry, topology, and fluid occupancy, while fluid-fluid and fluid-rock interfacial areas and the effective reaction rate were determined from segmented images. The dissolution rate is non-monotonic in time and proceeds through three regimes, consistent with a shifti"},"claims":{"count":4,"items":[{"kind":"strongest_claim","text":"These results show that the effective dissolution rate in residual-hydrocarbon-bearing carbonate depends dynamically on the competition between hydrocarbon swelling and ganglion mobilisation, governing advective access to surfaces.","source":"verdict.strongest_claim","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C1","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"weakest_assumption","text":"The interpretation that the rate suppression is primarily due to path-dependent loss of advective access (with subordinate contributions from H+ depletion and mass transfer), and that the three regimes observed in this Ketton limestone sample under the stated conditions generalize to other carbonates and field settings.","source":"verdict.weakest_assumption","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C2","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"one_line_summary","text":"Pore-scale 4D imaging demonstrates that hydrocarbon swelling and mobilisation compete to control the non-monotonic dissolution rate of carbonate by CO2-saturated brine via changes in advective access.","source":"verdict.one_line_summary","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C3","attestation":"unclaimed"},{"kind":"headline","text":"Effective dissolution rates in residual-oil carbonate rock are controlled by the competition between hydrocarbon swelling and ganglion mobilisation.","source":"verdict.pith_extraction.headline","status":"machine_extracted","claim_id":"C4","attestation":"unclaimed"}],"snapshot_sha256":"ceb012e34e804e5417a71a86cf325a33a011e7366bf21f8e3d9b9f4eb5fdd347"},"source":{"id":"2605.12696","kind":"arxiv","version":1},"verdict":{"id":"ddf99487-628a-4d7e-972b-04207f3f8114","model_set":{"reader":"grok-4.3"},"created_at":"2026-05-14T19:56:53.853116Z","strongest_claim":"These results show that the effective dissolution rate in residual-hydrocarbon-bearing carbonate depends dynamically on the competition between hydrocarbon swelling and ganglion mobilisation, governing advective access to surfaces.","one_line_summary":"Pore-scale 4D imaging demonstrates that hydrocarbon swelling and mobilisation compete to control the non-monotonic dissolution rate of carbonate by CO2-saturated brine via changes in advective access.","pipeline_version":"pith-pipeline@v0.9.0","weakest_assumption":"The interpretation that the rate suppression is primarily due to path-dependent loss of advective access (with subordinate contributions from H+ depletion and mass transfer), and that the three regimes observed in this Ketton limestone sample under the stated conditions generalize to other carbonates and field settings.","pith_extraction_headline":"Effective dissolution rates in residual-oil carbonate rock are controlled by the competition between hydrocarbon swelling and ganglion mobilisation."},"references":{"count":60,"sample":[{"doi":"","year":2023,"title":"S. Krevor, H. De Coninck, S. E. Gasda, N. S. Ghaleigh, V . de Gooyert, H. Hajibeygi, R. Juanes, J. Neufeld, J. J. Roberts, F. Swennenhuis, Subsurface carbon dioxide and hydrogen storage for a sustaina","work_id":"a82c965c-0f54-416e-b267-6d595daaa4bd","ref_index":1,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2012,"title":"M. L. Szulczewski, C. W. MacMinn, H. J. Herzog, R. Juanes, Lifetime of carbon capture and storage as a climate-change mitigation technology, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (14) (2","work_id":"da169d6b-5548-4561-8c50-f517a2507db1","ref_index":2,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"10.1021/acs.est.5c06424","year":2025,"title":"R. Chai, S. Foroughi, S. Goodarzi, A. Patmonoaji, F. Y . Yow, B. Bijeljic, M. J. Blunt, Pore-scale imaging to quantify the evolution and reduction in trapped CO 2 due to Ostwald ripening, Environmenta","work_id":"6a3d7c60-c4ff-4dbe-b565-7cfdcf2fd2e9","ref_index":3,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2025,"title":"R. Chai, Q. Ma, S. Goodarzi, F. Y . Yow, B. Bijeljic, M. J. Blunt, Multiphase reactive flow during co2 storage in sandstone, Engineering 48 (2025) 81–91","work_id":"70fb7f01-4b24-423d-8bb7-af2d15cfdfe5","ref_index":4,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false},{"doi":"","year":2024,"title":"X. Zhou, Y .-S. Wu, H. Chen, M. Elsayed, W. Yu, X. Zhao, M. Murtaza, M. S. Kamal, S. Z. Khan, R. Al- Abdrabalnabi, et al., Review of carbon dioxide utilization and sequestration in depleted oil reserv","work_id":"3aa1f538-556f-4b5c-94a4-c3f6a42a56d6","ref_index":5,"cited_arxiv_id":"","is_internal_anchor":false}],"resolved_work":60,"snapshot_sha256":"1aabb1f8ad0b52da225a94591723ec41032250542e296dde2da62013ef686640","internal_anchors":0},"formal_canon":{"evidence_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"author_claims":{"count":0,"strong_count":0,"snapshot_sha256":"258153158e38e3291e3d48162225fcdb2d5a3ed65a07baac614ab91432fd4f57"},"builder_version":"pith-number-builder-2026-05-17-v1"}