{"arxiv_id":"1203.2307","incoming":{"papers":16,"sentences":36,"groups":[{"kind":"method_or_tool","label":"Uses its method or tool","papers":1,"sentences":1,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"2107.07289","title":"Extracting the Signal of Cosmic String Wakes from 21-cm Observations","url":"/paper/2107.07289","section":"Diffuse Wakes","sentence":"In this section, we calculate the broadening and the brightness temperature of a diffuse wake following [ref] .","intent_p":0.97,"contests_p":null}]},{"kind":"data_used","label":"Uses its data or values","papers":1,"sentences":2,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"1401.4619","title":"Probing Particle Physics from Top Down with Cosmic Strings","url":"/paper/1401.4619","section":"Imprints of Cosmic Strings in 21cm Surveys","sentence":"This is depicted in Figure 8 (taken from [ref] ) which shows the string wave signal as a function of $G μ$ for various values in the redshift $z_i$ when the wake is laid down, and for a fixed reshift $z = 20$ when our past light cone intersects the wake, compared to the noise (the almost horizontal lines to the top and bottom of the horizontal axis).","intent_p":0.81,"contests_p":null}]},{"kind":"background","label":"Cites it as background","papers":4,"sentences":4,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"1310.4176","title":"High redshift signatures in the 21 cm forest due to cosmic string wakes","url":"/paper/1310.4176","section":"Introduction","sentence":"Several papers have investigated redshifted 21 cm signatures from string wakes produced by long strings [ref] and filaments created by string loops [ref] .","intent_p":0.97,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"1305.4779","title":"21 cm Angular Spectrum of Cosmic String Loops","url":"/paper/1305.4779","section":"Introduction","sentence":"Cosmological 21 cm signatures due to cosmic strings have been investigated in several papers [ref] .","intent_p":0.96,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"1204.3643","title":"Constraints on Superconducting Cosmic Strings from Early Reionization","url":"/paper/1204.3643","section":"Introduction","sentence":"These include the anisotropy of the CMB temperature [ref] and B-mode plarization [ref] , gravitational waves [ref] , gravitational lensing [ref] , wakes in the 21cm maps [ref] , early structure formation [ref] , early reionization due to early structure formation [ref] , and formation of dark matter clumps [ref] .","intent_p":0.94,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"2105.01166","title":"Global 21cm Absorption Signal from Superconducting Cosmic Strings","url":"/paper/2105.01166","section":"Introduction","sentence":"Specifically, early universe models which contain topological defects such as cosmic strings generate characteristic nonlinear structures in the distribution of matter, and their signals for three dimensional 21cm redshift maps were worked out in [ref] (see also [ref] ).","intent_p":0.8,"contests_p":null}]}],"unlabelled_sentences":29},"outgoing":{"papers":19,"sentences":34,"groups":[{"kind":"method_or_tool","label":"Uses the method or tool of","papers":3,"sentences":3,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"1104.5403","title":"The High-Redshift Neutral Hydrogen Signature of an Anisotropic Matter Power Spectrum","url":"/paper/1104.5403","section":"Diffuse Cosmic String Wakes","sentence":"To derive this noise temperature per pixel in [ref] we began with the thermal noise per visibility as given by Morales [ref] to arrive at the thermal noise per pixel for the brightness temperature.","intent_p":0.9,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"astro-ph/0406662","title":"Power Spectrum Sensitivity and the Design of Epoch of Reionization Observatories","url":"/paper/astro-ph/0406662","section":"Diffuse Cosmic String Wakes","sentence":"To derive this noise temperature per pixel in [ref] we began with the thermal noise per visibility as given by Morales [ref] to arrive at the thermal noise per pixel for the brightness temperature.","intent_p":0.9,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"1006.2514","title":"The 21 cm Signature of Cosmic String Wakes","url":"/paper/1006.2514","section":"Cosmic Strings, Their Wakes and 21 cm Signatures","sentence":"This is determined using the Zel'dovich approximation [ref] .The result obtained in [ref] is","intent_p":0.85,"contests_p":null}]},{"kind":"data_used","label":"Uses data or values from","papers":2,"sentences":2,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"0901.0555","title":"ARCADE 2 Measurement of the Extra-Galactic Sky Temperature at 3-90 GHz","url":"/paper/0901.0555","section":"Diffuse Cosmic String Wakes","sentence":"The system temperature is given by ARCADE 2 [ref] .","intent_p":0.99,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"astro-ph/0608067","title":"Spin Exchange Rates in Electron-Hydrogen Collisions","url":"/paper/astro-ph/0608067","section":"Diffuse Cosmic String Wakes","sentence":"Here, $z_e$ is the redshift of 21 cm emission or absorption, $T_γ$ is the CMB temperature, $θ$ is the angle of the 21 cm ray with respect to the vertical to the wake, and $x_c$ are the collision coefficients whose values can be obtained from the tables listed in [ref] .","intent_p":0.93,"contests_p":null}]},{"kind":"comparison","label":"Compares with","papers":2,"sentences":2,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"1109.4947","title":"Cosmic String constraints from WMAP and the South Pole Telescope","url":"/paper/1109.4947","section":"Conclusions","sentence":"Demanding that the relative brightness temperature exceeds the pixel thermal noise in a future 21cm experiment such as the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) (with the pixel size chosen to be able to identify the wake signal, as described in the text) leads to a limit of $G μ> 2.5 ×10^-8$, an improvement over the current limit of Eq. ([ref]) obtained from CMB anisotropy maps [ref] .","intent_p":0.98,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"hep-th/0304188","title":"Observational Constraints on Cosmic String Production During Brane Inflation","url":"/paper/hep-th/0304188","section":"Introduction","sentence":"Limits based only on WMAP data gives a bound larger than this by a factor of two [ref] .","intent_p":0.9,"contests_p":null}]},{"kind":"supports_this_paper","label":"Cites as support","papers":1,"sentences":1,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"astro-ph/9608020","title":"The Structure of Cosmic String Wakes","url":"/paper/astro-ph/9608020","section":"Cosmic Strings, Their Wakes and 21 cm Signatures","sentence":"This approximate analytical analysis has been confirmed in detailed hydrodynamical simulations [ref] .","intent_p":0.97,"contests_p":null}]},{"kind":"background","label":"Cites as background","papers":2,"sentences":2,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"astro-ph/9310041","title":"Topological Defects and Structure Formation","url":"/paper/astro-ph/9310041","section":"Cosmic Strings, Their Wakes and 21 cm Signatures","sentence":"Cosmic strings can be used as a cosmological probe of New Physics because any particle physics model which admits stable cosmic strings as a solution inevitably results in a a network of such strings forming during a symmetry breaking phase transition in the early universe (see [ref] for reviews on cosmic strings and cosmology).","intent_p":0.99,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"hep-ph/9411342","title":"Cosmic strings","url":"/paper/hep-ph/9411342","section":"Cosmic Strings, Their Wakes and 21 cm Signatures","sentence":"Cosmic strings can be used as a cosmological probe of New Physics because any particle physics model which admits stable cosmic strings as a solution inevitably results in a a network of such strings forming during a symmetry breaking phase transition in the early universe (see [ref] for reviews on cosmic strings and cosmology).","intent_p":0.99,"contests_p":null}]}],"unlabelled_sentences":24},"claims":[],"thresholds":{"intent_p":0.8,"supports_p":0.95,"contests_p":0.7},"method":"Citing sentences come from each paper's LaTeX source; every \\cite marks the sentence and the works it cites. Pith's classifier typed each sentence. A label is shown at intent probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more. Measured accuracy against two blind model families is at https://pith.science/accuracy. The quoted sentences are the citing authors' own.","held_up":null,"_links":{"html":"https://pith.science/paper/1203.2307"}}