{"arxiv_id":"astro-ph/0406095","incoming":{"papers":35,"sentences":41,"groups":[{"kind":"data_used","label":"Uses its data or values","papers":9,"sentences":10,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"2506.03536","title":"Constraining the Baryon Fraction in Extragalactic Diffuse Ionized Gas with 124 Localized Fast Radio Bursts","url":"/paper/2506.03536","section":"Introduction","sentence":"However, the collapsed structures, including galaxies, groups, clusters, and the circumgalactic medium, account for only about 18% of the expected baryon content [ref] .","intent_p":0.87,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"0905.3551","title":"Stellar Black Holes and the Origin of Cosmic Acceleration","url":"/paper/0905.3551","section":"Cosmic History of Black Holes and Cosmic Acceleration","sentence":"We will therefore normalize the black hole number density at $z=0$ to $1.46×10^6$ Mpc$^-3$ at $z=0$ [ref] .","intent_p":0.98,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"2608.09014","title":"Locating the missing baryons in the warm-hot intergalactic medium with fast radio bursts and the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect","url":"/paper/2608.09014","section":"Discussion and Conclusion","sentence":"Previous studies have robustly accounted for baryons residing in collapsed or relatively dense structures, including stars and the ISM within galaxies ($∼7%$) [ref] , cold neutral gas ($∼1.7%$) [ref] , as well as the ionized circumgalactic medium (CGM, $∼5%$) [ref] and intracluster medium (ICM, $∼4%$) [ref] .","intent_p":0.9,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"1108.4039","title":"The Origin of Neutral Hydrogen Clouds in Nearby Galaxy Groups: Exploring the Range Of Galaxy Interactions","url":"/paper/1108.4039","section":"Predictions of Numerical Simulations","sentence":"We take as the scaling factor from dark matter to HI gas mass the [ref] results, summarized in [ref] .","intent_p":0.88,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"2604.25828","title":"Fast radio burst dispersion is an unbiased tracer of matter on large scales","url":"/paper/2604.25828","section":"Baryon Conservation and Dispersion Bias","sentence":"The stellar fraction $f_* ≈ 5$–$7%$ is constrained by galaxy surveys and stellar population modeling [ref] ; the neutral fraction $f_n ≈ 3$–$4%$ by 21-cm surveys [ref] and molecular gas inventories [ref] .","intent_p":0.95,"contests_p":null}]},{"kind":"comparison","label":"Compares with it","papers":1,"sentences":1,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"0905.3551","title":"Stellar Black Holes and the Origin of Cosmic Acceleration","url":"/paper/0905.3551","section":"Cosmic History of Black Holes and Cosmic Acceleration","sentence":"This is somewhat smaller than the value of $5.4×10^5M_⊙$Mpc$^-3$ determined from the correlation between black hole mass and bulge luminosity [ref] , as computed by [ref] .","intent_p":0.99,"contests_p":null}]},{"kind":"background","label":"Cites it as background","papers":9,"sentences":9,"quotes":[{"arxiv_id":"2507.14136","title":"Missing baryons recovered: a measurement of the gas fraction in galaxies and groups with the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect and CMB lensing","url":"/paper/2507.14136","section":"Introduction","sentence":"This manifests itself in a large deficit of observed baryon abundance in late-time galaxies and groups, known as the “missing baryon” problem [ref] .","intent_p":0.87,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"1504.04011","title":"Constraints on the missing baryons from the kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect in Planck data","url":"/paper/1504.04011","section":"Introduction","sentence":"It is well known [ref] that only about $10%$ of all baryons in the Universe reside in the form of stellar mass, while other $90%$ resides in a diffuse, mostly undetected component, if it were not for recent UV spectroscopic measurements of un-collapsed, diffuse gas in the direction of certain QSOs, [ref] Nowadays there is an ongoing debate [ref] on whether a significant fraction of the latter component is present in the circumgalactic medium around halos or if instead most of the gas has been expelled or never accreted due to feedback processes like galactic winds or Active Galactic Nuclei activity.","intent_p":0.91,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"2605.01963","title":"Constraints on Halo Gas Profiles from Joint kSZ and Galaxy Clustering Analysis of ACT DR6 and CMASS","url":"/paper/2605.01963","section":"Introduction","sentence":"Furthermore, baryonic feedback heats a portion of baryons into the diffuse warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM) with temperatures in the range of $10^5-10^7$K within and around dark matter halos, thereby exacerbating the problem of the “missing baryons” [ref] .","intent_p":0.91,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"2509.18249","title":"A Novel kinetic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Estimator for Electron-Electron Correlations","url":"/paper/2509.18249","section":"Introduction","sentence":"Introduction—Baryonic feedback from galaxies, driven by processes such as supernova outflows and active galactic nuclei, plays a central role in shaping the distribution of ionized gas in halos and their surroundings [ref] .","intent_p":0.93,"contests_p":null},{"arxiv_id":"2605.11083","title":"FLAMINGO: The thermal history of the Universe from tSZ effect cross-correlations and its dependencies on cosmology and baryon physics","url":"/paper/2605.11083","section":"Introduction","sentence":"As baryons collapse into dark matter haloes, gravitational compression, shock heating, and astrophysical feedback processes raise the energy density of the gas, building up the cosmic reservoir of ionised plasma [ref] .","intent_p":0.89,"contests_p":null}]}],"unlabelled_sentences":21},"outgoing":{"papers":0,"sentences":0,"groups":[],"unlabelled_sentences":0},"claims":[],"thresholds":{"intent_p":0.8,"supports_p":0.95,"contests_p":0.7},"method":"Citing sentences come from each paper's LaTeX source; every \\cite marks the sentence and the works it cites. Pith's classifier typed each sentence. A label is shown at intent probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more. Measured accuracy against two blind model families is at https://pith.science/accuracy. The quoted sentences are the citing authors' own.","held_up":{"arxiv_id":"astro-ph/0406095","kind":"model","paper_version":2,"prompt_version":"held-up-v3.5","generated_at":"2026-10-27T18:06:36+00:00","loaded_at":"2026-10-28T01:03:04.788846+00:00","evidence":"substantial","account":[],"groups":[{"kind":"data_used","label":"Uses its data or values","papers":6,"entries":[{"p":0.97,"quote":{"text":"Stellar remnants, such as white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes, are considered to be 30% of the stellar mass [ref] , without any cosmic evolution of this fraction.","citing":"2501.09810","section":"Estimating Intergalactic Medium Dispersion Measure Contributions"},"citing":[{"self":false,"year":2025,"title":"The Cosmic Evolution of Fast Radio Bursts Inferred from the CHIME/FRB Baseband Catalog 1","arxiv_id":"2501.09810"}],"verified":true,"paraphrase":"Treated stellar remnants such as white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes as 30% of the stellar mass, citing this paper, without any cosmic evolution of this fraction."},{"p":0.98,"quote":null,"citing":[{"self":false,"year":2009,"title":"Stellar Black Holes and the Origin of Cosmic Acceleration","arxiv_id":"0905.3551"}],"verified":true,"paraphrase":"Normalized the black hole number density at z=0 to 1.46×10^6 Mpc^-3, citing this paper."},{"p":0.88,"quote":null,"citing":[{"self":false,"year":2011,"title":"The Origin of Neutral Hydrogen Clouds in Nearby Galaxy Groups: Exploring the Range Of Galaxy Interactions","arxiv_id":"1108.4039"}],"verified":true,"paraphrase":"Took as the scaling factor from dark matter to HI gas mass the results of another work, summarized in this paper."},{"p":0.8,"quote":null,"citing":[{"self":false,"year":2010,"title":"HI Clouds in the M81 Filament as Dark Matter Minihalos--A Phase-Space Mismatch","arxiv_id":"1009.5679"}],"verified":true,"paraphrase":"Took as the scaling factor from dark matter to gas mass the results of another work, summarized in this paper."},{"p":0.99,"quote":null,"citing":[{"self":false,"year":2026,"title":"Exploring neutrino loss with diffuse astrophysical neutrino fluxes","arxiv_id":"2605.13955"}],"verified":true,"paraphrase":"Followed this paper in considering the energy density in galaxies to be 1% of the critical density of the Universe."},{"p":0.93,"quote":null,"citing":[{"self":false,"year":2020,"title":"The Cosmic Thermal History Probed by Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect Tomography","arxiv_id":"2006.14650"}],"verified":true,"paraphrase":"Said that the ±25% range of its hatched region roughly corresponds to the uncertainty of the dark matter statistics used in this paper."}],"papers_all":16,"self_papers":0,"self_entries":[]},{"kind":"comparison","label":"Compares with it","papers":1,"entries":[{"p":1.0,"quote":null,"citing":[{"self":false,"year":2024,"title":"The baryon census and the mass-density of stars, neutral gas, and hot gas as a function of halo mass","arxiv_id":"2411.00456"}],"verified":true,"paraphrase":"Said that its own estimate seems consistent with the values reported in this paper."}],"papers_all":6,"self_papers":0,"self_entries":[]}],"counts":{"by_kind":{"extends":1,"data_used":16,"comparison":6,"method_or_tool":1,"supports_this_paper":1},"dropped":{"relied_on":0,"unknown_ids":0,"account_lines":0,"contest_vetoed":0,"below_threshold":0,"contest_drawback":0,"contest_without_basis":0,"contest_not_one_sentence":0,"contest_on_group_citation":0},"papers_read":14,"self_papers":1,"citing_papers":91,"sentences_read":18,"citing_sentences":119,"unambiguous_read":18,"typed_independent":22,"independent_papers":90,"by_kind_independent":{"extends":1,"data_used":16,"comparison":5,"method_or_tool":1,"supports_this_paper":1}},"input_sha256":"cd6aa2e73e4e7af48c5b7f1de614496322745896b699f3bbeee53de5df6e5599","method":"For a paper with five or more citing arXiv papers, Pith selected up to 40 citing sentences its citation classifier typed, read those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote one paraphrase for each later paper in each group, each resting on one sentence. A later paper is listed under a label only when the classifier gives one of its sentences that label at intent probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading of the sentence finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check of the paraphrase against the sentence passes. The section lists uses only: building on the paper, using its method, tool, data or values, comparing with it and citing it as support. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence says nothing about how the paper has been received. Code counted the papers, wrote the summary from the listed entries, set the evidence level and linked each entry to its citing paper. Quotes are copied from the citing sentence and shown only when the citing paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0; otherwise the paraphrase is shown. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart. A paper with fewer citing papers gets a line counted by code, which names uses only: a later paper whose only label is a contest is counted as not described.","line":null,"summary":"7 later papers by other authors are listed below: 6 used its data or values and 1 compared its own results with it."},"_links":{"html":"https://pith.science/paper/astro-ph/0406095"}}