{"paper":{"title":"Two Red Clumps and the X-Shaped Milky Way Bulge","arxiv_id":"1008.0519","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2010-08-03T11:09:34+00:00","version_compiled":"v2"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13-20260917 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v2","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":0.94,"id":"s0","own":true,"role":"result","text":"From 2MASS infra-red photometry we find two red clump (RC) populations co-existing in the same fields toward the Galactic bulge at latitudes |b|>5.5 deg., ranging over ~13 degrees in longitude and 20 degrees in latitude.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.97,"main_claim_p":0.07,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.98,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.01,"result":0.94,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.05,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":1,"p":0.6,"id":"s1","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"We can only understand the data if these RC peaks simply reflect two stellar populations separated by ~2.3 kpc; at (l,b)=(+1,-8) the two RCs are located at 6.5 and 8.8+/-0.2 kpc.","hedge":{"p":0.92,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.87,"main_claim_p":0.27,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.4,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.6}},{"i":2,"p":0.81,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"The double-peaked RC is inconsistent with a tilted bar morphology.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.78,"main_claim_p":0.15,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.18,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.19,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.81}},{"i":3,"p":0.76,"id":"s3","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Most of our fields show the two RCs at roughly constant distance with longitude, which is also inconsistent with a tilted bar, although an underlying bar may be present.","hedge":{"p":0.76,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.92,"main_claim_p":0.1,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.25,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.76,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.24}},{"i":4,"p":1.0,"id":"s4","own":true,"role":"result","text":"The stellar densities in the two RCs changes dramatically with longitude: on the positive longitude side the foreground RC is dominant, while the background RC dominates negative longitudes.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.93,"main_claim_p":0.08,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.87,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":5,"p":0.91,"id":"s5","own":true,"role":"result","text":"A line connecting the maxima of the foreground and background populations is tilted to the line of sight by ~20 +/-4 deg., similar to claims for the tilt of a Galactic bar.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.89,"main_claim_p":0.12,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.91,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.09}},{"i":6,"p":0.87,"id":"s6","own":true,"role":"result","text":"The distance between the two RCs decreases towards the Galactic plane; seen edge-on the bulge is X-shaped, resembling some extra-galactic bulges and the results of N-body simulations.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.89,"main_claim_p":0.47,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.56,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.87,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.13}},{"i":7,"p":0.57,"id":"s7","own":true,"role":"result","text":"The center of this X is consistent with the distance to the Galactic center, although better agreement would occur if the bulge is 2-3 Gyr younger than 47 Tuc.","hedge":{"p":0.97,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.74,"main_claim_p":0.08,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.97,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.57,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.03,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.4}},{"i":8,"p":1.0,"id":"s8","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"Our observations may be understood if the two RC populations emanate, nearly tangentially, from the ends of a Galactic bar, each side shaped like a funnel or horn.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.47,"main_claim_p":0.47,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.12,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":1.0}},{"i":9,"p":1.0,"id":"s9","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"Alternatively, the X, or double funnel shape, may continue to the Galactic center.","hedge":{"p":0.98,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.24,"main_claim_p":0.09,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":1.0}},{"i":10,"p":0.99,"id":"s10","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"This would appear peanut/box shaped from the Solar direction, but X-shaped when viewed tangentially.","hedge":{"p":0.73,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.29,"main_claim_p":0.14,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.16,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.01,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.99}}]},"compiled":{"main_claim":{"p":0.81,"text":"The distance between the two RCs decreases towards the Galactic plane; 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