{"paper":{"title":"Observation of the Dynamical Casimir Effect in a Superconducting Circuit","arxiv_id":"1105.4714","primary_cat":"quant-ph","submitted_at":"2011-05-24T09:31:26+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13-20260917 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. 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existence.","hedge":{"p":0.97,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.03,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":1.0,"id":"s2","own":false,"role":"background","text":"While initially a curiosity, it was quickly realized that these vacuum fluctuations had measurable consequences, for instance producing the Lamb shift of atomic spectra and modifying the magnetic moment for the electron.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.03,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":1.0,"id":"s3","own":false,"role":"background","text":"This type of renormalization due to vacuum fluctuations is now central to our understanding of nature.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.03,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.03,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":0.68,"id":"s4","own":false,"role":"gap","text":"However, these effects provide indirect evidence for the existence of vacuum fluctuations.","hedge":{"p":0.97,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.04,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.68,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.32,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":5,"p":0.88,"id":"s5","own":false,"role":"background","text":"From early on, it was discussed if it might instead be possible to more directly observe the virtual particles that compose the quantum vacuum. 40 years ago, Moore suggested that a mirror undergoing relativistic motion could convert virtual 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time.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.98,"main_claim_p":0.92,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.26,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.63,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.37,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":8,"p":0.99,"id":"s8","own":true,"role":"method","text":"The circuit consists of a coplanar transmission line with an electrical length that can be changed at a few percent of the speed of light.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.72,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.92,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.99,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":9,"p":1.0,"id":"s9","own":true,"role":"method","text":"The length is changed by modulating the inductance of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) at high frequencies (~11 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