{"paper":{"title":"Weak Lensing by Line-of-sight Halos as the Origin of Flux-ratio Anomalies in Quadruply Lensed QSOs","arxiv_id":"1207.2139","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2012-07-09T19:43:02+00:00","version_compiled":"v2"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13-20260917 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. 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ratio of magnification perturbation due to intervening halos to that of a primary lens is typically ~10 per cent and the predicted values agree well with the estimated values for 6 observed QSO-galaxy lens systems with quadruple images in the mid-infrared band without considering the effects of substructures inside a primary lens.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.96,"main_claim_p":0.44,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.04,"result":0.95,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":1.0,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We also find that the estimated amplitudes of convergence perturbation for the 6 lenses increase with the source redshift as predicted by theoretical models.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.95,"main_claim_p":0.09,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.73,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":0.96,"id":"s3","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Using an extrapolated matter power spectrum, we demonstrate that small halos or sub-halos in the line-of-sight with a mass of M=10^3-10^7 solar mass, or structures with a comoving wavenumber of k=3*10^2-10^4 h/Mpc can significantly affect the magnification ratios of the lensed images.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.92,"main_claim_p":0.39,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.98,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.01,"result":0.96,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.02,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":4,"p":0.95,"id":"s4","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"Flux ratio anomalies in QSO-galaxy strong lens systems offer us a unique probe into clustering property of mini-halos with a mass of M < 10^6 solar mass.","hedge":{"p":0.84,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.23,"main_claim_p":0.48,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.96,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.04,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.95}}]},"compiled":{"main_claim":{"p":0.69,"text":"Using an extrapolated matter power spectrum, we demonstrate that small halos or sub-halos in the line-of-sight with a mass of M=10^3-10^7 solar mass, or structures with a comoving wavenumber of k=3*10^2-10^4 h/Mpc can significantly affect the magnification ratios of the lensed images.","location":"abstract s3","hedge_strength":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"}},"provenance":{"route":{"via":"OpenRouter","model":"classifier-1.13","endpoint":"https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/systemone","provider":"TypeSafe"},"packing":"one request per 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power spectrum P(k) obtained from N-body simulations that can resolve halos with a mass of M ~ 10^5 solar mass, or structures with a comoving wavenumber of k ~ 3*10^2 h/Mpc, we find that the ratio of magnification perturbation due to intervening halos to that of a primary lens is typically ~10 per cent and the predicted values agree well with the estimated values for 6 observed QSO-galaxy lens systems with quadruple images in the mid-infrared band without considering the effects of substructures inside a primary lens.","location":"abstract s1"}},"coverage":{"tier":"abstract","levels_run":["P abstract"],"not_examined":["full text","figures and tables","references and citing sentences","relations to other papers"],"sources_read":["arXiv listing abstract v2"],"levels_not_run":["S sections","T body sentences","C citations","R cross-paper 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