{"paper":{"title":"Ordering the confusion: A study of the impact of lens models on gravitational-wave lensing detection capabilities","arxiv_id":"2205.11499","primary_cat":"gr-qc","submitted_at":"2022-05-23T17:54:43+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v1","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":1.0,"id":"s0","own":false,"role":"background","text":"When traveling from their source to the observer, gravitational waves can get deflected by massive objects along their travel path.","hedge":{"p":0.51,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.04,"main_claim_p":0.01,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.02,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":1,"p":1.0,"id":"s1","own":false,"role":"background","text":"When the lens is massive enough and the source aligns closely with the line-of-sight to the lens, the wave undergoes strong lensing, leading to several images with the same frequency evolution.","hedge":{"p":0.95,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.04,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.14,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":1.0,"id":"s2","own":false,"role":"background","text":"These images are separated in time, magnified, and can undergo an overall phase shift.","hedge":{"p":0.74,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.05,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":1.0,"id":"s3","own":false,"role":"background","text":"Searches for strongly-lensed gravitational waves are already ongoing.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.05,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.03,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":0.83,"id":"s4","own":false,"role":"background","text":"In essence, such searches look for events originating from the same sky location and having the same detector frame parameters.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.08,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.17,"result":0.0,"background":0.83,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":5,"p":0.96,"id":"s5","own":false,"role":"background","text":"However, the agreement between these quantities can also happen by chance, leading to an important confusion background.","hedge":{"p":0.85,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.09,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.07,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.04,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.96,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":6,"p":0.71,"id":"s6","own":false,"role":"method","text":"To reduce the overlap between background and foreground, one can include lensing models, enforcing the lensing parameters to also be consistent with our expectations.","hedge":{"p":0.97,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.06,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.71,"result":0.0,"background":0.27,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":7,"p":0.88,"id":"s7","own":false,"role":"background","text":"In principle, such models should decrease the confusion background.","hedge":{"p":0.74,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.06,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.13,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.01,"method":0.01,"result":0.0,"background":0.88,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.1}},{"i":8,"p":0.59,"id":"s8","own":false,"role":"background","text":"However, when doing realistic searches, one does not know which model is the correct one.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.07,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.25,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.59,"limitation":0.16,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":9,"p":0.8,"id":"s9","own":false,"role":"background","text":"The use of an incorrect model could lead to the non-detection of genuinely lensed events.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.06,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.06,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.8,"limitation":0.13,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":10,"p":1.0,"id":"s10","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"In this work, we investigate under realistic conditions how one can identify lensed events in the unlensed background.","hedge":{"p":0.66,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.73,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":1.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":11,"p":0.81,"id":"s11","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"We focus on the impact of the addition of a model for the lens density profile and investigate the effect of potential errors in the modelling.","hedge":{"p":0.52,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.57,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.19,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.81,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":12,"p":1.0,"id":"s12","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We show that it is extremely difficult to identify lensing confidently without the addition of a lens model.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.93,"main_claim_p":0.43,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.3,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":13,"p":0.99,"id":"s13","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We also show that slight variations in the profile of the lens model are tolerable but a model with incorrect assumptions about the underlying lens population causes significant errors compared to assuming no lens model 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