{"paper":{"title":"Two Modes of LyC Escape From Bursty Star Formation: Implications for [C II] Deficits and the Sources of Reionization","arxiv_id":"2210.09156","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2022-10-17T15:01:06+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v1","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":0.53,"id":"s0","own":true,"role":"method","text":"We use the SPHINX$^{20}$ cosmological radiation hydrodynamics simulation to study how Lyman Continuum (LyC) photons escape from galaxies and the observational signatures of this escape.","hedge":{"p":0.85,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.95,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.26,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.53,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.47,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":1,"p":0.61,"id":"s1","own":true,"role":"method","text":"We define two classes of LyC leaker: Bursty Leakers and Remnant Leakers, based on their star formation rates (SFRs) that are averaged over 10 Myr (SFR$_{10}$) or 100 Myr (SFR$_{100}$).","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.93,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.85,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.61,"result":0.01,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.38,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":0.42,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"method","text":"Both have $f_{\\rm esc}>20\\%$ and experienced an extreme burst of star formation, but Bursty Leakers have ${\\rm SFR_{10}>SFR_{100}}$, while Remnant Leakers have ${\\rm SFR_{10}<SFR_{100}}$.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.89,"main_claim_p":0.11,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.42,"result":0.3,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.28,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":0.98,"id":"s3","own":true,"role":"result","text":"The maximum SFRs in these bursts were typically $\\sim100$ times greater than the SFR of the galaxy prior to the burst, a rare $2\\sigma$ outlier among the general high-redshift galaxy population.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.87,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.98,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.02}},{"i":4,"p":0.83,"id":"s4","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Bursty Leakers are qualitatively similar to ionization-bounded nebulae with holes, exhibiting high ionization parameters and typical HII region gas densities.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.86,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.07,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.83,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.17}},{"i":5,"p":0.92,"id":"s5","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Remnant Leakers show properties of density-bounded nebulae, having normal ionization parameters but much lower HII region densities.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.89,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.69,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.92,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.08}},{"i":6,"p":1.0,"id":"s6","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Both types of leaker exhibit [CII]$_{\\rm 158\\mu m}$ deficits on the [CII]-SFR$_{100}$ relation, while only Bursty Leakers show deficits when SFR$_{10}$ is used.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.9,"main_claim_p":0.15,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.8,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":7,"p":0.44,"id":"s7","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"We predict that [CII] luminosity and SFR indicators such as H$\\alpha$ and M$_{\\rm 1500\\r{A}}$ can be combined to identify both types of LyC leaker and the mode by which photons are escaping.","hedge":{"p":0.57,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.76,"main_claim_p":0.26,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.11,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.01,"result":0.15,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.24,"contribution":0.16,"interpretation":0.44}},{"i":8,"p":1.0,"id":"s8","own":false,"role":"future_work","text":"These predictions can be tested with [CII] observations of known $z=3-4$ LyC leakers.","hedge":{"p":0.73,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.17,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.83,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":1.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":9,"p":0.86,"id":"s9","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Finally, we show that leakers with $f_{\\rm esc}>20\\%$ dominate the ionizing photon budget at $z\\gtrsim7.5$ but the contribution from galaxies with $f_{\\rm esc}<5\\%$ becomes significant at the 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