{"paper":{"title":"HALOGAS: Strong Constraints on the Neutral Gas Reservoir and Accretion Rate in Nearby Spiral Galaxies","arxiv_id":"2210.09383","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2022-10-17T19:31:51+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v1","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":1.0,"id":"s0","own":false,"role":"background","text":"Galaxies in the local Universe are thought to require ongoing replenishment of their gas reservoir in order to maintain the observed star formation rates.","hedge":{"p":0.86,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.04,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":1,"p":1.0,"id":"s1","own":false,"role":"background","text":"Cosmological simulations predict that such accretion can occur in both a dynamically hot and cold mode.","hedge":{"p":0.67,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.04,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":1.0,"id":"s2","own":false,"role":"gap","text":"However, until now observational evidence of the accretion required to match the observed star formation histories is lacking.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.04,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":1.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":0.92,"id":"s3","own":false,"role":"contribution","text":"This paper attempts to determine whether galaxies in the local Universe possess a significant reservoir of HI and what would be the accretion rates derived from such reservoirs.","hedge":{"p":0.65,"label":"unclear"},"own_p":0.36,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.05,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.03,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.92,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":0.91,"id":"s4","own":true,"role":"method","text":"We search the vicinity of 22 nearby galaxies for isolated HI clouds or distinct streams in a systematic and automated manner.","hedge":{"p":0.96,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.96,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.9,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.91,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.09,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":5,"p":0.76,"id":"s5","own":true,"role":"method","text":"The HALOGAS observations represent one of the most sensitive and detailed HI surveys to date.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.66,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.55,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.76,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.24,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":6,"p":0.98,"id":"s6","own":true,"role":"method","text":"These observations typically reach column density sensitivities of 10^19 cm^-2 over a 20 km/s width.","hedge":{"p":0.95,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.84,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.98,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.98,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.02,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":7,"p":1.0,"id":"s7","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We find 14 secure HI cloud candidates without an observed optical counterpart.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.97,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.98,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":8,"p":0.6,"id":"s8","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"These cloud candidates appear to be analogues to the most massive clouds detected around the Milky Way and M31.","hedge":{"p":0.78,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.82,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.65,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.4,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.6}},{"i":9,"p":0.91,"id":"s9","own":true,"role":"result","text":"However, on average their numbers seem significantly reduced.","hedge":{"p":0.59,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.85,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.77,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.91,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.09}},{"i":10,"p":0.55,"id":"s10","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We constrain upper limits for HI accretion in the local Universe.","hedge":{"p":0.98,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.94,"main_claim_p":0.2,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.32,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.55,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.45,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":11,"p":1.0,"id":"s11","own":true,"role":"result","text":"The average HI mass currently observed amounts to a rate of 0.05 Msun/yr with a stringent upper limit of 0.22 Msun/yr, confirming previous estimates.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.77,"main_claim_p":0.28,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":12,"p":0.62,"id":"s12","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"This is much lower than the average star formation rate in this sample.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.85,"main_claim_p":0.14,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.97,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.38,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.62}},{"i":13,"p":0.97,"id":"s13","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Our best estimate, based on GBT detection limits of several galaxies, suggests that another 0.04 Msun/yr could be accreted from undetected clouds and streams.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.93,"main_claim_p":0.08,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.97,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.01,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.02}},{"i":14,"p":0.79,"id":"s14","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"These results show that in nearby galaxies HI is not being accreted at the same rate as stars are currently being formed.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.93,"main_claim_p":0.72,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.8,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.21,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.79}},{"i":15,"p":0.87,"id":"s15","own":true,"role":"limitation","text":"Our study can not exclude that other forms of gas accretion are at work.","hedge":{"p":0.95,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.57,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.01,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.87,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.12}},{"i":16,"p":0.9,"id":"s16","own":true,"role":"result","text":"However, these observations also do not reveal extended neutral gas reservoirs around most nearby spiral galaxies.","hedge":{"p":0.96,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.95,"main_claim_p":0.3,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.11,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.9,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.01,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.09}}]},"compiled":{"main_claim":{"p":0.97,"text":"These results show that in nearby galaxies HI is not being accreted at the same rate as stars are currently being formed.","location":"abstract s14","hedge_strength":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"}},"provenance":{"route":{"via":"TypeSafe API","model":"classifier-1.13.0","endpoint":"https://api.typesafe.ai/v1/systemone","provider":"TypeSafe"},"packing":"one request per paper","requests":1,"input_tokens":11939,"cost_usd_reported":0.0},"compiled_at":"2026-09-23","bank_version":"abstract-p1-20260923","model_version":"classifier-1.13.0","abstract_states":{"claims_first":0.15,"states_limitation":0.97,"human_participants":0.01,"controlled_comparison":0.14,"randomized_assignment":0.01,"states_quantitative_result":0.99,"compares_with_prior_results":0.9,"mentions_code_or_data_availability":0.03},"evidential_basis":{"p":0.99,"value":"observation or experiment","probabilities":{"argument":0.0,"literature":0.0,"proof_or_derivation":0.0,"analysis_of_existing_data":0.01,"observation_or_experiment":0.99,"simulation_or_computation":0.0}},"contribution_type":{"p":1.0,"value":"empirical study","probabilities":{"review":0.0,"method_or_tool":0.0,"empirical_study":1.0,"simulation_study":0.0,"theoretical_result":0.0,"dataset_or_benchmark":0.0,"position_or_commentary":0.0}},"contribution_statement":{"p":0.9,"text":"We search the vicinity of 22 nearby galaxies for isolated HI clouds or distinct streams in a systematic and automated manner.","location":"abstract s4"}},"coverage":{"tier":"abstract","levels_run":["P abstract"],"not_examined":["full text","figures and tables","references and citing sentences","relations to other papers"],"sources_read":["arXiv listing abstract v1"],"levels_not_run":["S sections","T body sentences","C citations","R cross-paper relations"],"sentences_examined":17,"sentences_in_abstract":17},"measured_accuracy":{"url":"https://pith.science/accuracy","measured_on":"2026-10-02","method":"two independent model families labelled a fresh random sample blind; the figure is how often the published label matches their consensus","sentence_role_agreement":0.92,"main_claim_agreement":0.908,"typed_citation_agreement":0.933,"typed_citation_agreement_95_interval":[0.917,0.945],"review_comments_accurate":0.758,"review_comments_accurate_95_interval":[0.684,0.82],"review_caught_admitted_error_found_or_related":0.448}}