{"paper":{"title":"Sommerfeld effect in freeze-in dark matter","arxiv_id":"2210.12505","primary_cat":"hep-ph","submitted_at":"2022-10-22T17:24:09+00:00","version_compiled":"v2"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v2","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":1.0,"id":"s0","own":false,"role":"background","text":"If two annihilation products of dark matter (DM) particles are non-relativistic and coupled to a light force mediator, their plane wave functions are modified due to multiple exchanges of the force mediators.","hedge":{"p":0.95,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.06,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":1,"p":1.0,"id":"s1","own":false,"role":"background","text":"This gives rise to the Sommerfeld effect (SE).","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.05,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.02,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":1.0,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"We consider the attractive and repulsive force SE on the relic density in different phases of freeze-in DM.","hedge":{"p":0.6,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.75,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.07,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":1.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":1.0,"id":"s3","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We find that in the pure freeze-in region, the attractive/repulsive force SE slightly increases/decreases DM relic density by less than $20\\%$ for TeV-scale DM.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.96,"main_claim_p":0.12,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":0.87,"id":"s4","own":true,"role":"result","text":"In the reannihilation region, if the portal coupling $\\kappa$ is sufficiently large (by comparing the portal reaction rate to the Hubble rate), DM density will reach its equilibrium, and subsequently freeze out.","hedge":{"p":0.73,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.51,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.73,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.03,"result":0.87,"background":0.03,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.03,"interpretation":0.04}},{"i":5,"p":0.89,"id":"s5","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Compared to the case without the SE, the presence of the attractive SE leads to an enlarged cross-section.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.59,"main_claim_p":0.07,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.83,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.89,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.11}},{"i":6,"p":0.83,"id":"s6","own":true,"role":"result","text":"As a result, a higher equilibrium value of DM density is reached, and a lower relic density is obtained after the subsequent freeze-out.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.84,"main_claim_p":0.09,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.43,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.83,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.17}},{"i":7,"p":0.97,"id":"s7","own":true,"role":"result","text":"However, the repulsive SE has the opposite influence.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.7,"main_claim_p":0.04,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.17,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.97,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.03}},{"i":8,"p":0.94,"id":"s8","own":true,"role":"result","text":"In the dark sector (DS) freeze-out region, also known as the middle flat plateau or ``mesa'' in the phase diagram, the SE has a significant impact on DM relic abundance.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.68,"main_claim_p":0.08,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.09,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.94,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.06,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":9,"p":0.99,"id":"s9","own":true,"role":"result","text":"In this region, the attractive SE suppresses DM relic density by simultaneously enlarging the cross-section of the portal and DS internal interaction.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.87,"main_claim_p":0.12,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.09,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.99,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":10,"p":0.99,"id":"s10","own":true,"role":"result","text":"In contrast, the repulsive SE will have the opposite effect.","hedge":{"p":0.92,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.78,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.18,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.99,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":11,"p":1.0,"id":"s11","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Finally, in the usual freeze-out region, DM relic density is suppressed or enhanced by an enlarged or reduced cross-section of the portal, respectively, due to the presence of the attractive or repulsive SE.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.78,"main_claim_p":0.15,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.19,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":12,"p":0.75,"id":"s12","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"In summary, when considering the constraint of producing correct DM relic abundance, the inclusion of SE in the portal reaction or DS internal reaction will modify the model parameters, resulting in a band-like possible parameter space.","hedge":{"p":0.93,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.77,"main_claim_p":0.76,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.25,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.75}}]},"compiled":{"main_claim":{"p":1.0,"text":"In summary, when considering the constraint of producing correct DM relic abundance, the inclusion of SE in 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