{"paper":{"title":"Niels Bohr as a Physicist of Principle","arxiv_id":"2609.04297","primary_cat":"physics.hist-ph","submitted_at":"2026-09-03T15:50:40+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v1","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":0.75,"id":"s0","own":false,"role":"contribution","text":"Our main claim is that Bohr adopted a principle-theoretic approach to quantum mechanics in order to reconcile two principles: the distinction principle, which asserts the necessity of a clear epistemic distinction between a classical apparatus and a quantum system, and the non-separability principle, which asserts that the two systems are ontologically non-separable in any measurement process.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.23,"main_claim_p":0.97,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.15,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.12,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.75,"interpretation":0.13}},{"i":1,"p":0.61,"id":"s1","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"The latter principle is a consequence of Bohr's argument that, during a measurement interaction, the quantum system and the measurement apparatus form a 'new kind of individuality'.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.11,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.05,"background":0.32,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.02,"interpretation":0.61}},{"i":2,"p":0.79,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"To support our argument, we first demonstrate the overlooked fact that, according to Bohr, the measurement interaction is a physical, irreversible process and not merely an epistemic acquisition of new information.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.6,"main_claim_p":0.04,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.09,"method":0.05,"result":0.07,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.79,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":0.91,"id":"s3","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"In this respect, quantum mechanics must be regarded not only as a universal theory, but also as revealing no non-arbitrary difference between a quantum realm and a classical realm; the distinction is purely pragmatic.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.26,"main_claim_p":0.11,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.16,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.09,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.91}},{"i":4,"p":0.93,"id":"s4","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"The tension between the epistemic necessity to rely on a neatly distinguishable classical realm and the ontic non-separability of the quantum system and the classical apparatus inclined Bohr to refuse to provide a constructive account of the measurement process, such as that later proposed, for instance, by spontaneous dynamical reduction models.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.13,"main_claim_p":0.12,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.09,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.06,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.93}}]},"compiled":{"main_claim":{"p":1.0,"text":"Our main claim is that Bohr adopted a principle-theoretic approach to quantum mechanics in order to reconcile two principles: the distinction principle, which asserts the necessity of a clear epistemic distinction between a classical apparatus and a quantum system, and the non-separability principle, which asserts that the two systems are ontologically non-separable in any measurement process.","location":"abstract s0","hedge_strength":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"}},"provenance":{"route":{"via":"TypeSafe API","model":"classifier-1.13.0","endpoint":"https://api.typesafe.ai/v1/systemone","provider":"TypeSafe"},"packing":"one request per paper","requests":1,"input_tokens":4527,"cost_usd_reported":0.0},"compiled_at":"2026-09-23","bank_version":"abstract-p1-20260923","model_version":"classifier-1.13.0","abstract_states":{"claims_first":0.09,"states_limitation":0.08,"human_participants":0.02,"controlled_comparison":0.01,"randomized_assignment":0.01,"states_quantitative_result":0.02,"compares_with_prior_results":0.23,"mentions_code_or_data_availability":0.01},"evidential_basis":{"p":0.75,"value":"argument","probabilities":{"argument":0.75,"literature":0.25,"proof_or_derivation":0.0,"analysis_of_existing_data":0.0,"observation_or_experiment":0.0,"simulation_or_computation":0.0}},"contribution_type":{"p":1.0,"value":"position or commentary","probabilities":{"review":0.0,"method_or_tool":0.0,"empirical_study":0.0,"simulation_study":0.0,"theoretical_result":0.0,"dataset_or_benchmark":0.0,"position_or_commentary":1.0}},"contribution_statement":{"p":0.96,"text":"To support our argument, we first demonstrate the overlooked fact that, according to Bohr, the measurement interaction is a physical, irreversible process and not merely an epistemic acquisition of new information.","location":"abstract s2"}},"coverage":{"tier":"abstract","levels_run":["P abstract"],"not_examined":["full text","figures and tables","references and citing sentences","relations to other papers"],"sources_read":["arXiv listing abstract v1"],"levels_not_run":["S sections","T body sentences","C citations","R cross-paper relations"],"sentences_examined":5,"sentences_in_abstract":5},"measured_accuracy":{"url":"https://pith.science/accuracy","measured_on":"2026-10-02","method":"two independent model families labelled a fresh random sample blind; 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