{"paper":{"title":"TDCOSMO XXXI: New techniques in line-of-sight studies of time delay lenses","arxiv_id":"2609.11652","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2026-09-10T14:57:37+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v1","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":1.0,"id":"s0","own":false,"role":"background","text":"The distribution of matter along the same line of sight but external to the main lens, quantified by $\\kappa_\\mathrm{ext}$, is a key source of uncertainty in time delay cosmography and other applications of strong lensing, and must be independently estimated to avoid biasing the inferred value of the Hubble constant ($H_0$).","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.05,"main_claim_p":0.07,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.11,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":1,"p":0.77,"id":"s1","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"We present advancements and standardisations in the weighted number counts techniques used to constrain $\\kappa_\\mathrm{ext}$, in particular the use of the Euclid Flagship Simulation and a breakdown of the line-of-sight contributions between the observer, lens and source.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.88,"main_claim_p":0.11,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.08,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.23,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.77,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":0.54,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"method","text":"As part of the TDCOSMO 2026 milestone analysis, we apply this updated method to the sample of 11 time delay lenses used in that study.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.91,"main_claim_p":0.04,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.97,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.54,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.46,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":1.0,"id":"s3","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Our estimates for certain systems are sensitive to these methodological changes, but are nonetheless consistent within $1\\sigma$ for all but one of the systems which had been studied previously, with the median $\\kappa_\\mathrm{ext}$ across those systems changing from $-0.002$ to $-0.006$ following this new analysis.","hedge":{"p":0.95,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.95,"main_claim_p":0.34,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":0.96,"id":"s4","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"This work represents the first estimate of $\\kappa_\\mathrm{ext}$ values which includes the contribution of the observer-lens and lens-source terms, and largest standardised analysis of time delay lens environments to 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