{"paper":{"title":"Can AI systems have free will?","arxiv_id":"2609.15407","primary_cat":"cs.AI","submitted_at":"2026-09-14T11:38:09+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v1","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":0.93,"id":"s0","own":false,"role":"gap","text":"While there has been much discussion of whether AI systems could function as moral agents or acquire sentience, there has been very little discussion of whether AI systems could have free will.","hedge":{"p":0.85,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.07,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.65,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.93,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.07,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":1,"p":0.96,"id":"s1","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"I sketch a framework for thinking about this question, inspired by Daniel Dennett's work.","hedge":{"p":0.9,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.9,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.04,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.96,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":0.72,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"I argue that, to determine whether an AI system has free will, we should not look for some mysterious property, expect its underlying algorithms to be indeterministic, or ask whether the system is unpredictable.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.57,"main_claim_p":0.18,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.26,"result":0.01,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.72,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":3,"p":0.68,"id":"s3","own":false,"role":"contribution","text":"Rather, we should simply ask whether we have good explanatory reasons to view the system as an intentional agent, with the capacity for choice between alternative possibilities and control over the resulting actions.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.38,"main_claim_p":0.48,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.31,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.68,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":4,"p":0.7,"id":"s4","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"If the answer is \"yes\", then the system counts as having free will in a pragmatic and diagnostically useful sense.","hedge":{"p":0.97,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.32,"main_claim_p":0.56,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.02,"result":0.11,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.17,"interpretation":0.7}}]},"compiled":{"main_claim":{"p":0.7,"text":"Rather, we should simply ask whether we have good explanatory reasons to view the system as an intentional agent, with the capacity for choice between alternative possibilities and control over the resulting actions.","location":"abstract s3","hedge_strength":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"}},"provenance":{"route":{"via":"TypeSafe API","model":"classifier-1.13.0","endpoint":"https://api.typesafe.ai/v1/systemone","provider":"TypeSafe"},"packing":"one request per paper","requests":1,"input_tokens":4273,"cost_usd_reported":0.0},"compiled_at":"2026-09-23","bank_version":"abstract-p1-20260923","model_version":"classifier-1.13.0","abstract_states":{"claims_first":0.17,"states_limitation":0.21,"human_participants":0.04,"controlled_comparison":0.01,"randomized_assignment":0.01,"states_quantitative_result":0.02,"compares_with_prior_results":0.08,"mentions_code_or_data_availability":0.02},"evidential_basis":{"p":1.0,"value":"argument","probabilities":{"argument":1.0,"literature":0.0,"proof_or_derivation":0.0,"analysis_of_existing_data":0.0,"observation_or_experiment":0.0,"simulation_or_computation":0.0}},"contribution_type":{"p":1.0,"value":"position or commentary","probabilities":{"review":0.0,"method_or_tool":0.0,"empirical_study":0.0,"simulation_study":0.0,"theoretical_result":0.0,"dataset_or_benchmark":0.0,"position_or_commentary":1.0}},"contribution_statement":{"p":0.91,"text":"I sketch a framework for thinking about this question, inspired by Daniel Dennett's work.","location":"abstract s1"}},"coverage":{"tier":"abstract","levels_run":["P abstract"],"not_examined":["full text","figures and tables","references and citing sentences","relations to other papers"],"sources_read":["arXiv listing abstract v1"],"levels_not_run":["S sections","T body sentences","C citations","R cross-paper relations"],"sentences_examined":5,"sentences_in_abstract":5},"measured_accuracy":{"url":"https://pith.science/accuracy","measured_on":"2026-10-02","method":"two independent model families labelled a fresh random sample blind; 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