{"paper":{"title":"The Solar System through dust maps. Encounter statistics with interstellar gas","arxiv_id":"2610.26063","primary_cat":"astro-ph.GA","submitted_at":"2026-10-19T09:24:01+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. No sentence in this record was written by a language model.","schema":"pith.compiled-record/v0","status":"compiled","abstract":{"source":"arXiv listing abstract v1","sentences":[{"i":0,"p":1.0,"id":"s0","own":false,"role":"background","text":"During its orbit around the Milky Way, the Solar System crosses different environments, including dense ISM regions.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.07,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":1.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":1,"p":0.96,"id":"s1","own":false,"role":"background","text":"These encounters increase dust influx, leave geological signatures, and affect the heliosphere.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.08,"main_claim_p":0.07,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.96,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.04}},{"i":2,"p":0.99,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"For the local ISM, we estimate crossing frequencies and durations, the fraction of time spent above gas density thresholds, and how Solar vertical motion and ISM stratification influence these statistics.","hedge":{"p":0.89,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.91,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.07,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.01,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.99,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":0.99,"id":"s3","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"We quantify gas influx and dust exposure.","hedge":{"p":0.98,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.94,"main_claim_p":0.07,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.03,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.01,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.99,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":1.0,"id":"s4","own":true,"role":"method","text":"We use Gaia-based 3D dust maps of the Solar neighborhood, sampled by integrating the Solar System along its Galactic orbit while rigidly translating the maps.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.94,"main_claim_p":0.02,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":1.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":5,"p":0.93,"id":"s5","own":true,"role":"method","text":"From the resulting density time series, encounter statistics and fluxes are derived.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.88,"main_claim_p":0.04,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.93,"result":0.02,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.05,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":6,"p":1.0,"id":"s6","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We find that the Solar System spends most of its time in low density environments, while crossings of dense gas become rarer with increasing density threshold.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.96,"main_claim_p":0.43,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.7,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":7,"p":1.0,"id":"s7","own":true,"role":"result","text":"For nH>=1cm^-3, the crossing frequency is above 600Gyr^-1, whereas thresholds around 200cm^-3 are crossed once per Gyr.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.95,"main_claim_p":0.14,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":8,"p":1.0,"id":"s8","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Individual crossings last tens of kyr and become shorter at higher density thresholds.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.92,"main_claim_p":0.07,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.91,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":9,"p":0.73,"id":"s9","own":true,"role":"limitation","text":"The inferred durations soon become nearly constant, reflecting the finite spatial resolution of the maps.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.9,"main_claim_p":0.05,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.12,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.21,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.73,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.06}},{"i":10,"p":1.0,"id":"s10","own":true,"role":"result","text":"The Sun spends 18 to 47% of the sampled time above 1cm^-3, and 1 to 10% above 10cm^-3.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.96,"main_claim_p":0.12,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":11,"p":0.64,"id":"s11","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"The residence fraction can be reproduced by combining the vertical volume filling factor of gas with the fraction of time spent by the Sun at each height.","hedge":{"p":0.94,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.89,"main_claim_p":0.09,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.08,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.01,"result":0.35,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.64}},{"i":12,"p":0.63,"id":"s12","own":true,"role":"interpretation","text":"Within the current vertical range sampled by the Sun, we find no clear enhancement of crossing statistics during midplane passages, suggesting that these do not necessarily lead to periodic perturbations of the Solar System.","hedge":{"p":0.8,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.96,"main_claim_p":0.17,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.11,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.37,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.63}},{"i":13,"p":1.0,"id":"s13","own":true,"role":"result","text":"About 50% of the gas influx is contributed by gas with nH<=3-4cm^-3, and about 90% by 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