{"paper":{"title":"Robust paths to primordial $B$ modes in the presence of polarised point source contamination","arxiv_id":"2610.31175","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2026-10-22T12:29:26+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. 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constraints.","hedge":{"p":0.64,"label":"hedged_possibility"},"own_p":0.86,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.03,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.97,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":0.52,"id":"s2","own":false,"role":"method","text":"We discuss masking and modelling strategies to ensure that the resulting constraints remain both accurate and precise under this source of contamination.","hedge":{"p":0.62,"label":"unclear"},"own_p":0.47,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.03,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.52,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.48,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":0.95,"id":"s3","own":true,"role":"method","text":"We produce synthetic data containing polarised emission from extragalactic radio sources (ERSs) and dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) following state-of-the-art models for both samples.","hedge":{"p":0.98,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.94,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.05,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.95,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.05,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":1.0,"id":"s4","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We find that, while the DSFG contribution is likely too small to cause any significant bias to the cosmological or foreground parameters, the ERS contribution instead, if left unmasked, leads to a bias in the parameters describing the Galactic synchrotron and lensing $B$-mode components.","hedge":{"p":0.7,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.94,"main_claim_p":0.4,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.77,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":1.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":5,"p":0.95,"id":"s5","own":true,"role":"result","text":"For experiments targeting noise levels of order $\\sigma_P\\simeq 1\\,\\mu K\\,{\\rm arcmin}$, we find that masking all ERSs with fluxes above $\\sim$0.1 Jy, coupled with a relatively simple model to marginalise over residual point-source contamination, achieves a suitable balance that allows for the robust recovery of unbiased cosmological and foreground parameters at a negligible cost in parameter uncertainties.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.95,"main_claim_p":0.86,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.01,"result":0.95,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.03}}]},"compiled":{"main_claim":{"p":0.99,"text":"For experiments targeting noise levels of order $\\sigma_P\\simeq 1\\,\\mu K\\,{\\rm arcmin}$, we find that masking all ERSs with fluxes above $\\sim$0.1 Jy, coupled with a relatively simple model to marginalise over residual point-source contamination, achieves a suitable balance that allows for 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