{"paper":{"title":"Lessons from double-plane lenses for galaxy profiles, the Hubble tension, and the mass-sheet degeneracy","arxiv_id":"2611.09856","primary_cat":"astro-ph.CO","submitted_at":"2026-11-06T18:40:15+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. 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constant $H_0$.","hedge":{"p":0.77,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.27,"main_claim_p":0.51,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.63,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.06,"method":0.14,"result":0.24,"background":0.03,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.52,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":2,"p":0.9,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We show that double-plane lenses are sensitive to a specific combination of the mass-sheet components of the two lens planes.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.8,"main_claim_p":0.18,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.9,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.1,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":0.51,"id":"s3","own":true,"role":"method","text":"Using literature values of the cosmological scaling factor from the double-plane lenses J0946 and AGEL0353, a measurement from the point-source images of J1721 (the ``Einstein zig-zag'' lens), and a reference value of $\\Omega_\\mathrm{m}$, we show the constraints that can be placed on the mass-sheet component of each of these systems.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.88,"main_claim_p":0.09,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.13,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.51,"result":0.26,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.23,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":0.99,"id":"s4","own":true,"role":"result","text":"We show that the additional information brought by images of a second source can improve measurements of $H_0$ from individual time-delay lenses by up to $\\sim50\\%$, depending on certain key assumptions.","hedge":{"p":0.92,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.84,"main_claim_p":0.19,"quantitative":true,"quantitative_p":0.99,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.99,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":5,"p":0.63,"id":"s5","own":true,"role":"result","text":"Using forecasted Euclid and LSST double-plane lens samples, we show that these samples will enable strong constraints on the population of mass sheets in lens galaxies.","hedge":{"p":0.95,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.88,"main_claim_p":0.18,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.11,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.03,"result":0.63,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.06,"contribution":0.27,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":6,"p":1.0,"id":"s6","own":false,"role":"interpretation","text":"Such population constraints will have implications for a range of strong-lensing science applications, in particular in constraining $H_0$, dark 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