{"paper":{"title":"Open Problems in Chatbots and Mental Health","arxiv_id":"2611.10997","primary_cat":"cs.CL","submitted_at":"2026-11-07T22:39:37+00:00","version_compiled":"v1"},"notice":"Every quoted sentence is the authors' text from the arXiv listing abstract. Labels and probabilities are the outputs of classifier-1.13.0 on the question bank abstract-p1-20260923, exactly as returned. 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evaluate.","hedge":{"p":0.87,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.06,"main_claim_p":0.04,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.15,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.85,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":2,"p":1.0,"id":"s2","own":true,"role":"contribution","text":"In this paper, we review the most critical open problems for researchers and policymakers in the use of general-purpose chatbots and their effects on mental health.","hedge":{"p":0.96,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.55,"main_claim_p":0.17,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.0,"contribution":1.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":3,"p":0.62,"id":"s3","own":false,"role":"future_work","text":"First, there are tractable problems in the controlled evaluation of chatbots: establishing the construct and ecological validity of evaluations, evaluating multi-turn interactions, and connecting evaluations to improvements in chatbot behavior.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.12,"main_claim_p":0.08,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.28,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.08,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.01,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.62,"contribution":0.29,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":4,"p":0.52,"id":"s4","own":false,"role":"gap","text":"For example, conventional benchmarks that primarily rely on static datasets cannot establish chatbot safety, and novel simulation methods need validation.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.09,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.16,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.52,"method":0.01,"result":0.0,"background":0.3,"limitation":0.01,"future_work":0.14,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.01}},{"i":5,"p":0.93,"id":"s5","own":false,"role":"future_work","text":"Second, researchers must connect their studies of chatbots and mental health to real-world evidence.","hedge":{"p":0.97,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.06,"main_claim_p":0.06,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.02,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.93,"contribution":0.05,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":6,"p":0.79,"id":"s6","own":false,"role":"future_work","text":"This includes analyzing the chatbot products that AI companies and mental health practitioners have deployed, including their user interfaces and human review and escalation practices for user welfare concerns.","hedge":{"p":0.94,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.07,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.03,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.01,"method":0.07,"result":0.0,"background":0.02,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.79,"contribution":0.11,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":7,"p":0.57,"id":"s7","own":false,"role":"limitation","text":"However, clinical analysis opportunities afforded by real chat log data sharing are complicated by significant privacy concerns.","hedge":{"p":0.99,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.09,"main_claim_p":0.03,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.13,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.28,"limitation":0.57,"future_work":0.02,"contribution":0.0,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":8,"p":0.99,"id":"s8","own":false,"role":"future_work","text":"Finally, we argue that researchers should take an active role in the construction and refinement of evidence-based policy through corporate and governmental decisions such as user protections, standards of care, protected access to user chat logs, data sharing between institutions, incident reporting, and post-deployment monitoring.","hedge":{"p":0.66,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.09,"main_claim_p":0.33,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.04,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.0,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.99,"contribution":0.01,"interpretation":0.0}},{"i":9,"p":0.63,"id":"s9","own":false,"role":"future_work","text":"Such behavioral evaluations, studies of real-world outcomes, and data governance depend on each other and must be addressed in tandem.","hedge":{"p":1.0,"label":"asserted"},"own_p":0.11,"main_claim_p":0.37,"quantitative":false,"quantitative_p":0.06,"role_probabilities":{"gap":0.0,"method":0.0,"result":0.02,"background":0.0,"limitation":0.0,"future_work":0.63,"contribution":0.02,"interpretation":0.33}},{"i":10,"p":0.72,"id":"s10","own":false,"role":"future_work","text":"We believe a coordinated research effort would have substantial real-world 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