{"work":{"id":"020859d9-308b-430d-844c-e72ea4f0d492","openalex_id":null,"doi":null,"arxiv_id":"2111.01139","raw_key":null,"title":"Non-Invertible Duality Defects in 3+1 Dimensions","authors":null,"authors_text":"Yichul Choi, Clay Cordova, Po-Shen Hsin, Ho Tat Lam, Shu-Heng Shao","year":2021,"venue":"hep-th","abstract":"For any quantum system invariant under gauging a higher-form global symmetry, we construct a non-invertible topological defect by gauging in only half of spacetime. This generalizes the Kramers-Wannier duality line in 1+1 dimensions to higher spacetime dimensions. We focus on the case of a one-form symmetry in 3+1 dimensions, and determine the fusion rule. From a direct analysis of one-form symmetry protected topological phases, we show that the existence of certain kinds of duality defects is intrinsically incompatible with a trivially gapped phase. We give an explicit realization of this duality defect in the free Maxwell theory, both in the continuum and in a modified Villain lattice model. The duality defect is realized by a Chern-Simons coupling between the gauge fields from the two sides. We further construct the duality defect in non-abelian gauge theories and the $\\mathbb{Z}_N$ lattice gauge theory.","external_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.01139","cited_by_count":null,"metadata_source":"pith","metadata_fetched_at":"2026-05-24T09:58:23.047006+00:00","pith_arxiv_id":"2111.01139","created_at":"2026-05-10T10:39:38.333847+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-24T09:58:23.047006+00:00","title_quality_ok":true,"display_title":"Non-Invertible Duality Defects in 3+1 Dimensions","render_title":"Non-Invertible Duality Defects in 3+1 Dimensions"},"hub":{"state":{"work_id":"020859d9-308b-430d-844c-e72ea4f0d492","tier":"hub","tier_reason":"10+ Pith inbound or 1,000+ external citations","pith_inbound_count":23,"external_cited_by_count":null,"distinct_field_count":3,"first_pith_cited_at":"2021-12-03T18:57:48+00:00","last_pith_cited_at":"2026-05-20T21:30:07+00:00","author_build_status":"not_needed","summary_status":"needed","contexts_status":"needed","graph_status":"needed","ask_index_status":"not_needed","reader_status":"not_needed","recognition_status":"not_needed","updated_at":"2026-05-29T22:30:38.044017+00:00","tier_text":"hub"},"tier":"hub","role_counts":[{"context_role":"background","n":12},{"context_role":"other","n":1}],"polarity_counts":[{"context_polarity":"background","n":12},{"context_polarity":"unclear","n":1}],"runs":{},"summary":{},"graph":{},"authors":[]}}