VLBI astrometry gives a 20.2 kpc distance and 872 pc height for G040.96+02.48, confirming a warp in the Extreme Outer Galaxy with unusual outward motion.
Pulsars and the Warp of the Galaxy
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abstract
This paper studies the asymmetries of pulsar distributions relative to the Galactic plane in various Galactic longitudes. It is shown that the observed asymmetric distribution may be explained by the warped and flaring (i.e. increase of scale-height at the peripheries of the Galaxy) structure of the Galaxy. At the peripheries of the Galaxy, the amplitude of the warp, derived from these data, may be as high as nearly 1 kpc. The scale-height of the pulsar distribution increases exponentially from nearly 0.5 kpc to nearly 1 kpc while increasing the galactocentric distance from 5 kpc to 15 kpc. The warp and flare parameters derived from the pulsar data are compared with the stellar and gaseous warp and flare parameters of the Galaxy.
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Young giant stars reveal a flaring Milky Way disc with 3.5 kpc radial scale and extended spiral arms including a curved Perseus segment and a new Scutum-associated feature.
citing papers explorer
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East Asian VLBI Network astrometry toward the star-forming region G040.96+02.48 in the Extreme Outer Galaxy
VLBI astrometry gives a 20.2 kpc distance and 872 pc height for G040.96+02.48, confirming a warp in the Extreme Outer Galaxy with unusual outward motion.
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The flare and spiral structure of the Milky Way's disc as traced by young giant stars
Young giant stars reveal a flaring Milky Way disc with 3.5 kpc radial scale and extended spiral arms including a curved Perseus segment and a new Scutum-associated feature.