Discovery and characterization of the highest-redshift barred spiral galaxy candidate at z=5.102, with bar length ~4.5 kpc, stellar mass 10^10.45 solar masses, SFR 144 solar masses per year, and evidence for AGN and interaction.
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Cosmic Star-Formation History
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Over the past two decades, an avalanche of data from multiwavelength imaging and spectroscopic surveys has revolutionized our view of galaxy formation and evolution. Here we review the range of complementary techniques and theoretical tools that allow astronomers to map the cosmic history of star formation, heavy element production, and reionization of the Universe from the cosmic "dark ages" to the present epoch. A consistent picture is emerging, whereby the star-formation rate density peaked approximately 3.5 Gyr after the Big Bang, at z~1.9, and declined exponentially at later times, with an e-folding timescale of 3.9 Gyr. Half of the stellar mass observed today was formed before a redshift z = 1.3. About 25% formed before the peak of the cosmic star-formation rate density, and another 25% formed after z = 0.7. Less than ~1% of today's stars formed during the epoch of reionization. Under the assumption of a universal initial mass function, the global stellar mass density inferred at any epoch matches reasonably well the time integral of all the preceding star-formation activity. The comoving rates of star formation and central black hole accretion follow a similar rise and fall, offering evidence for co-evolution of black holes and their host galaxies. The rise of the mean metallicity of the Universe to about 0.001 solar by z = 6, one Gyr after the Big Bang, appears to have been accompanied by the production of fewer than ten hydrogen Lyman-continuum photons per baryon, a rather tight budget for cosmological reionization.
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- abstract Over the past two decades, an avalanche of data from multiwavelength imaging and spectroscopic surveys has revolutionized our view of galaxy formation and evolution. Here we review the range of complementary techniques and theoretical tools that allow astronomers to map the cosmic history of star formation, heavy element production, and reionization of the Universe from the cosmic "dark ages" to the present epoch. A consistent picture is emerging, whereby the star-formation rate density peaked approximately 3.5 Gyr after the Big Bang, at z~1.9, and declined exponentially at later times, with a
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representative citing papers
Neutron star mergers alone cannot explain the r-process abundances in Sculptor and Draco dwarf galaxies; a prompt r-process source is required, or mergers must merge extremely quickly (14-16 Myr).
Fast radio burst host galaxy inclination correlates with the host contribution to dispersion measure, consistent with a disk origin and allowing a 40 percent reduction in scatter around the Macquart relation.
A hierarchical Bayesian framework unifies spatial and population inference to constrain the AGN fraction f_agn at ≤{0.52,0.41,0.61} for unobscured AGN above bolometric luminosities {10^44.5,10^45.5,10^46.5} erg/s at 95% credibility, finding no evidence for an AGN origin for any individual GW event.
Detection of a variable stratified UFO with velocities 0.1c and 0.3c, extreme mass outflow rates, and kinetic powers of 1-10% of bolometric luminosity in quasar WISSH13 at z=3.294.
A fast radio burst has been localized to a star-forming galaxy at z=2.148, doubling the redshift reach of FRB host associations.
A strongly lensed z=2.78 main-sequence galaxy shows a sub-kiloparsec (~0.8 kpc) breakdown scale in the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, extending the resolved star-formation-cycle picture from the local universe and z~1 up to cosmic noon.
Ten intermediate-redshift post-starburst galaxies host MgII-broad-line quasars, and standard quenched-galaxy selections are shown to exclude the most luminous active nuclei.
The first blind statistical survey of intervening NaI absorbers finds that their cosmic incidence rises by a factor of about 3.4 from z~0.25 to z~0.03, implying growth in the product of host number density and absorbing cross-section.
Spatially resolved JWST spectroscopy reveals that dust attenuation profiles in z~1 star-forming galaxies are diverse, with most galaxies showing flat or positive radial gradients rather than centrally concentrated dust.
Environmental segregation between early-type and late-type galaxies weakens with decreasing stellar mass and vanishes in the dwarf regime, where internal processes dominate galaxy evolution.
The paper develops and validates a normalizing-flow pipeline for nonparametric inference of the binary black hole population, recovering mass features and testing for redshift evolution in GWTC-5.0.
A Bayesian re-analysis of 906 OzDES AGN finds that previous reverberation lags, especially for MgII and CIV, are often false positives, with only 3-28% of MgII sources showing simple lags.
Binary evolution and cluster dynamics can change the cosmic PISN rate by more than an order of magnitude and already tension with SN 2018ibb limits unless Zmax is lowered.
Anisotropic quenching is detected at the highest redshift yet and linked to preprocessing dominating over intrahalo effects by ~20% along the major axis in a delay-then-rapid quenching model informed by cluster accretion histories.
Cosmological zoom-in simulations find that grain-grain shattering in diffuse ISM gas drives rising PAH mass fraction with time, naturally producing the observed PAH-metallicity relation and inverse qPAH-molecular gas trends.
JWST MIRI observations of 634 galaxies at 0.2<z<2 yield IR luminosity functions with faint-end slope α≈0.147, implying lower dust-obscured SFRD than previous ALMA/Herschel/Spitzer studies.
JWST spectra of six z=5-9 galaxies show low-ionization covering fractions of 0.2-0.9 and diverse kinematics including blueshifted outflows, indicating heterogeneous multiphase ISM.
Forecasts indicate [Ne V] LIM cross-correlations can constrain mean AGN intensity and bias at cosmic noon with sensitivity to sources fainter than 5 sigma thresholds.
FIRE-2 simulations show per-galaxy tidal disruption rates peak near z=2.5 at 4e-4 per year, correlate with SFR and central density, and remain high in satellite galaxies at early times.
Primordial black holes captured by stars lead to either quiet consumption or explosive disruption via disk formation, producing transients and high-spin remnants with potentially observable event rates.
Deep interferometric observations of a z≈1.12 barred spiral reveal bar-driven molecular inflows at a rate matching the galaxy's star formation rate of ~36 M⊙/yr.
GWTC-4 data reveals three sub-populations of binary black holes with distinct delay-time distributions that depend on mass above 45 solar masses, mass-ratio, and spin, ruling out a single universal merger rate.
Implements full-Stokes SGWB map-making for ground-based networks, applies to LVK O3 data, and constrains polarized angular spectra while showing intensity-only models can be biased.
citing papers explorer
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A massive barred spiral galaxy at z = 5.102 discovered by JWST
Discovery and characterization of the highest-redshift barred spiral galaxy candidate at z=5.102, with bar length ~4.5 kpc, stellar mass 10^10.45 solar masses, SFR 144 solar masses per year, and evidence for AGN and interaction.
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Constraints on the r-process Delay Time from Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies
Neutron star mergers alone cannot explain the r-process abundances in Sculptor and Draco dwarf galaxies; a prompt r-process source is required, or mergers must merge extremely quickly (14-16 Myr).
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A Relationship Between Fast Radio Burst Dispersion Measure and Host Galaxy Inclination
Fast radio burst host galaxy inclination correlates with the host contribution to dispersion measure, consistent with a disk origin and allowing a 40 percent reduction in scatter around the Macquart relation.
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Unifying spatial correlation with hierarchical population inference to constrain the AGN channel for binary black hole mergers
A hierarchical Bayesian framework unifies spatial and population inference to constrain the AGN fraction f_agn at ≤{0.52,0.41,0.61} for unobscured AGN above bolometric luminosities {10^44.5,10^45.5,10^46.5} erg/s at 95% credibility, finding no evidence for an AGN origin for any individual GW event.
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The WISSHFUL program: the highest redshift UFO discovered in a non-lensed QSO
Detection of a variable stratified UFO with velocities 0.1c and 0.3c, extreme mass outflow rates, and kinetic powers of 1-10% of bolometric luminosity in quasar WISSH13 at z=3.294.
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A fast radio burst from the first 3 billion years of the Universe
A fast radio burst has been localized to a star-forming galaxy at z=2.148, doubling the redshift reach of FRB host associations.
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Sub-kiloparsec Test of the Kennicutt-Schmidt Relation in a Strongly Lensed Dusty Star-Forming Galaxy at z~2.78
A strongly lensed z=2.78 main-sequence galaxy shows a sub-kiloparsec (~0.8 kpc) breakdown scale in the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation, extending the resolved star-formation-cycle picture from the local universe and z~1 up to cosmic noon.
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Extreme MgII Emission in Recently-Quenched Galaxies: A New Sample of Intermediate-Redshift Post-Starburst Quasars from the DESI Early Data Release
Ten intermediate-redshift post-starburst galaxies host MgII-broad-line quasars, and standard quenched-galaxy selections are shown to exclude the most luminous active nuclei.
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The First Blind Survey of Intervening NaI Absorbers: Incidence and Cosmic Evolution with DESI
The first blind statistical survey of intervening NaI absorbers finds that their cosmic incidence rises by a factor of about 3.4 from z~0.25 to z~0.03, implying growth in the product of host number density and absorbing cross-section.
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MSA-3D: A Diversity of Dust Attenuation Profiles Across the Epoch of Thin Disk Emergence
Spatially resolved JWST spectroscopy reveals that dust attenuation profiles in z~1 star-forming galaxies are diverse, with most galaxies showing flat or positive radial gradients rather than centrally concentrated dust.
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The relationship between morphology, density, and location in the cosmic web from massive to dwarf galaxies
Environmental segregation between early-type and late-type galaxies weakens with decreasing stellar mass and vanishes in the dwarf regime, where internal processes dominate galaxy evolution.
-
Hierarchical Population Inference with Normalizing Flows for Binary Black Holes
The paper develops and validates a normalizing-flow pipeline for nonparametric inference of the binary black hole population, recovering mass features and testing for redshift evolution in GWTC-5.0.
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AGN Reverberation Mapping with LITMUS: Fundamental Limits on lag Recovery Rates
A Bayesian re-analysis of 906 OzDES AGN finds that previous reverberation lags, especially for MgII and CIV, are often false positives, with only 3-28% of MgII sources showing simple lags.
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The impact of stellar binaries and star cluster dynamics on pair-instability supernovae
Binary evolution and cluster dynamics can change the cosmic PISN rate by more than an order of magnitude and already tension with SN 2018ibb limits unless Zmax is lowered.
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Anisotropic quenching beyond $z=1$ and its implications for preprocessing around high-redshift galaxy clusters
Anisotropic quenching is detected at the highest redshift yet and linked to preprocessing dominating over intrahalo effects by ~20% along the major axis in a delay-then-rapid quenching model informed by cluster accretion histories.
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The Lifecycle and Emission Properties of PAHs in Cosmological Hydrodynamic Galaxy Formation Simulations
Cosmological zoom-in simulations find that grain-grain shattering in diffuse ISM gas drives rising PAH mass fraction with time, naturally producing the observed PAH-metallicity relation and inverse qPAH-molecular gas trends.
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MEGA and SMILES Find Fewer Dusty Galaxies than Expected at Cosmic Noon
JWST MIRI observations of 634 galaxies at 0.2<z<2 yield IR luminosity functions with faint-end slope α≈0.147, implying lower dust-obscured SFRD than previous ALMA/Herschel/Spitzer studies.
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JWST absorption line spectroscopy with SPURS: ISM covering fractions and kinematics in individual galaxies at $z=5-9$
JWST spectra of six z=5-9 galaxies show low-ionization covering fractions of 0.2-0.9 and diverse kinematics including blueshifted outflows, indicating heterogeneous multiphase ISM.
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AGN Line-Intensity Mapping: A Probe of Faint Black Holes at Cosmic Noon
Forecasts indicate [Ne V] LIM cross-correlations can constrain mean AGN intensity and bias at cosmic noon with sensitivity to sources fainter than 5 sigma thresholds.
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TDEs on FIRE: Illuminating the Cosmic Evolution of Tidal Disruption Rates
FIRE-2 simulations show per-galaxy tidal disruption rates peak near z=2.5 at 4e-4 per year, correlate with SFR and central density, and remain high in satellite galaxies at early times.
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NOEMA$^\rm{3D}$: A deep view of cold gas flows in a barred spiral galaxy at $z\sim1$
Deep interferometric observations of a z≈1.12 barred spiral reveal bar-driven molecular inflows at a rate matching the galaxy's star formation rate of ~36 M⊙/yr.
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The Life and Death of Stars That Capture Primordial Black Holes
Primordial black holes captured by stars lead to either quiet consumption or explosive disruption via disk formation, producing transients and high-spin remnants with potentially observable event rates.
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The First Detection of Sub-Populations in the Delay-Time Distribution of Binary Black Holes in GWTC-4 of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA
GWTC-4 data reveals three sub-populations of binary black holes with distinct delay-time distributions that depend on mass above 45 solar masses, mass-ratio, and spin, ruling out a single universal merger rate.
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Polarized Anisotropic Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Search with Ground-Based Detector Networks
Implements full-Stokes SGWB map-making for ground-based networks, applies to LVK O3 data, and constrains polarized angular spectra while showing intensity-only models can be biased.
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Inferring the role of binary neutron star mergers in r-process nucleosynthesis with multi-messenger observations using Cosmic Explorer and Einstein Telescope
A new redshift-correlation technique with third-generation GW detectors can constrain the BNS contribution to cosmic r-process nucleosynthesis to 5-6% precision via Fisher forecasts on mock bright- and dark-siren data.
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SDSS-V: Revealing a weak accretion state in X-ray selected red quasars
Red quasars are intrinsically X-ray weak with low alpha_OX values, tracing a distinct evolutionary stage of suppressed black hole accretion relative to stellar mass growth.
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Introducing the Lumina project: large-volume radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of the epochs of hydrogen and helium reionization
Lumina is a 500 cMpc radiation-hydrodynamic simulation predicting late, stellar-driven hydrogen reionization ending near z≈4.75 and AGN-driven helium reionization nearly complete by z=3.
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Origins of Extreme Emission-Line Ratios in z > 3 Galaxies: Insights from the Lumen Model
Extreme z>3 emission-line ratios are reproduced only by combining harder ionizing spectra, ionization parameters from massive star clusters, and enhanced nitrogen abundances.
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Resolving the Unresolved Galactic Winds in Multi-phase Models. I. Methodology and Application
A new fitting methodology applied to UV absorption data recovers radial trends in galactic wind velocities and mass-loading factors by constraining initial hot and cool phase parameters in a multiphase model.
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Lights, Camera, Axion: Tracing Axions from Supernovae in the Diffuse $\gamma$-ray Sky
Axions produced in supernovae generate a diffuse gamma-ray signal through conversion in magnetic fields, yielding competitive constraints on the axion-photon coupling from COMPTEL, EGRET, and Fermi-LAT data plus forecasts for future MeV telescopes.
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Nearest Neighbour-Based Statistics for 21cm-Galaxy Cross-Correlations in the Epoch of Reionization
kNN CDF statistics detect 21cm-galaxy cross-correlations more effectively than two-point methods and distinguish reionization models at fixed ionized fraction even with noise and foregrounds.
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ODIN: A New Lyman Alpha Blob Selection Method, Sample, and Statistical Analysis at $z\sim3.1$
A forced-photometry subtraction pipeline that removes continuum galaxies from narrowband imaging recovers 23 diffuse Lyman-alpha blobs missed by standard LAE-based selection, yielding 112 LABs at z≈3.1 whose number density is ~4x higher in proto-cluster regions.
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The First Upper Bound on the Non-Stationary Gravitational Wave Background and its Implication on the High Redshift Binary Black Hole Merger Rate
First spectral covariance analysis of SGWB data yields upper bounds on non-stationary correlations that translate into mass-dependent limits on high-redshift PBH merger rates.
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Niebla: an open-source code for modeling the extragalactic background light
Niebla is an open-source phenomenological code for computing the EBL spectrum via stellar population evolution and multiple dust re-emission models, with three fitted versions and a blazar simulation demonstrating infrared sensitivity.
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pop-cosmos: Star formation over 12 Gyr from generative modelling of a deep infrared-selected galaxy catalogue
A score-based diffusion generative model on deep infrared galaxy photometry yields a star formation rate density peaking at z=1.3 and shows distinct non-parametric star formation histories plus AGN activity peaking during the quenching transition of massive galaxies.
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The Cosmic Rush Hour: Rapid Formation of Bright, Massive, Disky, Star-Forming Galaxies as Signatures of Early-Universe Physics
Early dark energy in large hydrodynamic simulations reproduces JWST's excess of bright, massive, high-redshift galaxies while preserving low-redshift Lambda-CDM behavior.
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Lensed stars in galaxy-galaxy strong lensing -- a JWST prediction for the Cosmic Horseshoe
Calculation predicts ~60 lensed star transients per JWST pointing in the Cosmic Horseshoe, enabling spatial tests of dark matter and constraints on the stellar IMF.
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JWST's first view of the most vigorously star-forming cloud in the Galactic center -- Sagittarius B2
New JWST multi-filter imaging of Sgr B2 detects previously hidden massive stars and ionized structures while finding no extended young stellar objects, implying star formation there has only recently begun.
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Evidence for inverse Compton scattering in high-redshift Lyman-break galaxies
Stacked 1.4 GHz observations of ~200,000 Lyman-break galaxies at z=3-5 show radio flux at fixed UV magnitude decreasing with redshift, consistent with inverse Compton losses from the CMB.
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The AURORA Survey: Robust Helium Abundances at High Redshift Reveal A Subpopulation of Helium-Enhanced Galaxies in the Early Universe
JWST spectra of 20 high-redshift galaxies provide the first robust helium abundances at z=1.6-3.3 and reveal a subpopulation of four galaxies with elevated helium but normal nitrogen and alpha-element abundances.
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Measurements of the z=4-10 X-ray Luminosity Function: the high space density of moderate-luminosity, obscured AGN
A 32-source X-ray sample yields a z=4-10 AGN luminosity function that is up to two orders of magnitude above model extrapolations at z=7-10.
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A PAH deficit in the starburst core of a distant spiral galaxy
In a z=1.46 grand-design spiral starburst, the ratio of CO-inferred infrared luminosity to 8-micron PAH emission is about twice as high in the nucleus as in the spiral arms, revealing the first spatially resolved PAH deficit at z>1.
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Constraining Population III stellar demographics with next-generation gravitational-wave observatories
A simulation study shows that one year of Cosmic Explorer and Einstein Telescope data could separate Population III black-hole mergers from ordinary ones and constrain the Population III initial mass function slope and star formation history.
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The Qz5 Survey (I): How the HI Mass Density of the Universe Evolves With Cosmic Time
Quasar absorption spectra at z~5 give a lower HI mass density than earlier surveys, implying the cosmic HI content peaks at z~3 and then declines.
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Direct evidence for r-process nucleosynthesis in delayed MeV emission from the SGR 1806-20 magnetar giant flare
The delayed MeV emission after the SGR 1806-20 giant flare matches the predicted radioactive decay signal of about 10^-6 solar masses of newly synthesized r-process nuclei.
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A reference framework for extremely metal-poor OB star studies: calibrations for stellar parameters and intrinsic colours
A model-based calibration gives effective temperatures, ionizing fluxes, and intrinsic colors for 0.1 solar-metallicity O-type and early-B supergiant stars, and warns that HeII-ionizing fluxes of late-O dwarfs are highly uncertain.
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A multi-wavelength investigation of spiral structures in $z > 1$ galaxies with JWST
Spiral arms in z~1.5 galaxies show optical-to-near-infrared flux peak offsets of 0.2 to 0.8 kpc, consistent with density waves, tidal interactions, and clumpy star formation as seen locally.
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Early Results from GLASS-JWST. XXV. Electron Density in the Interstellar Medium at $0.7\lesssim z\lesssim 9.3$ with NIRSpec High-resolution Spectroscopy
JWST high-resolution spectra of 34 lensed galaxies show no significant ISM electron-density evolution between z≈1 and z≈9, plus large scatter between [OII]- and [SII]-derived densities.
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A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): Spectroscopically Complete Census of Obscured Cosmic Star Formation Rate Density at $z=4-6$
At z=4-6, the dust-obscured star formation rate density is log rho = -1.52, implying that about 66% of cosmic star formation was obscured by dust, based on eight spectroscopically confirmed dusty galaxies.
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Gravitational wave lensing beyond general relativity: birefringence, echoes and shadows
Beyond general relativity, gravitational lensing can split gravitational waves into eigenstates with different speeds, producing birefringent time delays, echoes, and shadow polarizations; a quartic Horndeski example forecasts these effects could probe new parameter space.