{"work":{"id":"188d6a5f-a781-4167-be9d-9e9d43be59ca","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2004499374","doi":"10.1103/physrevd.90.124032","arxiv_id":"1404.3197","raw_key":null,"title":"Modeling Ringdown: Beyond the Fundamental Quasi-Normal Modes","authors":null,"authors_text":"L","year":2014,"venue":"gr-qc","abstract":"While black hole perturbation theory predicts a rich quasi-normal mode structure, technical challenges have limited the numerical study of excitations to the fundamental, lowest order modes caused by the coalescence of black holes. Here, we present a robust method to identify quasi-normal mode excitations beyond the fundamentals within currently available numerical relativity waveforms. In applying this method to waveforms of initially non-spinning black hole binaries, of mass ratios 1 to 15, we find not only the fundamental quasi-normal mode amplitudes, but also overtones, and evidence for 2nd order quasi-normal modes. We find that the mass-ratio dependence of quasi-normal mode excitation is very well modeled by a Post-Newtonian like sum in symmetric mass ratio. Concurrently, we find that the mass ratio dependence of some quasi-normal modes is qualitatively different from their Post-Newtonian inspired counterparts, suggesting that the imprints of nonlinear merger are more evident in some modes than in others. We present new fitting formulas for the related quasi-normal mode excitations, as well as for remnant black hole spin and mass. We also discuss the relevance of our results in terms of gravitational wave detection and characterization.","external_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.3197","cited_by_count":227,"metadata_source":"pith","metadata_fetched_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817+00:00","pith_arxiv_id":"1404.3197","created_at":"2026-05-10T10:19:21.201834+00:00","updated_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817+00:00","title_quality_ok":true,"display_title":"Modeling Ringdown: Beyond the Fundamental Quasi-Normal Modes","render_title":"Modeling Ringdown: Beyond the Fundamental Quasi-Normal Modes"},"hub":{"state":{"work_id":"188d6a5f-a781-4167-be9d-9e9d43be59ca","tier":"hub","tier_reason":"10+ Pith inbound or 1,000+ external citations","pith_inbound_count":22,"external_cited_by_count":227,"distinct_field_count":2,"first_pith_cited_at":"2019-03-11T17:43:43+00:00","last_pith_cited_at":"2026-06-22T18:00:06+00:00","author_build_status":"not_needed","summary_status":"needed","contexts_status":"needed","graph_status":"needed","ask_index_status":"not_needed","reader_status":"not_needed","recognition_status":"not_needed","updated_at":"2026-08-22T15:59:37.897648+00:00","tier_text":"hub"},"tier":"hub","role_counts":[{"context_role":"background","n":10},{"context_role":"method","n":2}],"polarity_counts":[{"context_polarity":"background","n":10},{"context_polarity":"use_method","n":2}],"runs":{},"summary":{},"graph":{},"authors":[]}}