Step changes from smooth to riblet surfaces or vice versa drive turbulent boundary layers out of equilibrium, with recovery occurring in two stages where the outer layer adjusts very slowly and skin friction fails to reach full equilibrium for drag-increasing riblets.
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Non-equilibrium effects in turbulent boundary layers over riblets: DNS of step changes in surface texture
Step changes from smooth to riblet surfaces or vice versa drive turbulent boundary layers out of equilibrium, with recovery occurring in two stages where the outer layer adjusts very slowly and skin friction fails to reach full equilibrium for drag-increasing riblets.