Income-based Ginis exceed consumption-based ones by 4.7 points globally (up to ~10 in some regions), gaps have widened since 2000, and most cross-database divergence growth comes from database proliferation rather than long-standing sources drifting apart.
Global Income Inequality, 1820--2020: The Persistence and Mutation of Extreme Inequality , volume =
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A World of Ginis
Income-based Ginis exceed consumption-based ones by 4.7 points globally (up to ~10 in some regions), gaps have widened since 2000, and most cross-database divergence growth comes from database proliferation rather than long-standing sources drifting apart.