A symmetry-extension construction of an anomalous 4d Z_{N_c}-gauge TQFT cancels the SM mixed anomaly and selects N_c = N_f = 3 as the unique odd-color solution.
Number of Fermion Generations Derived from Anomaly Cancellation
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abstract
We prove that global anomaly cancellation requires more than one generation of quarks and leptons, provided that the standard model fields propagate in two universal extra dimensions. Furthermore, if the fermions of different generations have the same gauge charges and chiralities, then global anomaly cancellation implies that there must be three generations.
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hep-th 1years
2026 1verdicts
UNVERDICTED 1representative citing papers
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Fermion Families and Pontryagin Class: Topological Field Theory via Colour Symmetry Extension
A symmetry-extension construction of an anomalous 4d Z_{N_c}-gauge TQFT cancels the SM mixed anomaly and selects N_c = N_f = 3 as the unique odd-color solution.