Metastable cosmic strings produce a gravitational wave background that is best modeled with three parameters (string tension Gμ plus independent time scales t_LB and t_NC), yielding a compact analytical spectrum when t_LB greatly exceeds t_NC.
Do Cosmic String Segments Emit Gravitational Waves?
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An SU(5) GUT model uses an intermediate breaking to SO(3)_C × SO(2)_L realized by adjoint, symmetric tensor, and singlet scalars plus singlet fermions so that monopoles annihilate via cosmic strings, with possible first-order restoration producing detectable GWs.
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New gravitational-wave templates for metastable cosmic strings: Loop breaking versus network collapse
Metastable cosmic strings produce a gravitational wave background that is best modeled with three parameters (string tension Gμ plus independent time scales t_LB and t_NC), yielding a compact analytical spectrum when t_LB greatly exceeds t_NC.
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A simple solution to the monopole problem: SU(5) GUT with symmetry breaking into special subgroup
An SU(5) GUT model uses an intermediate breaking to SO(3)_C × SO(2)_L realized by adjoint, symmetric tensor, and singlet scalars plus singlet fermions so that monopoles annihilate via cosmic strings, with possible first-order restoration producing detectable GWs.