Analysis of 500k ChatGPT logs shows over one-third of conversations generate fiction, dominated by power users with repetitive and niche patterns.
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WildChat: 1M ChatGPT Interaction Logs in the Wild
Baseline reference. 60% of citing Pith papers use this work as a benchmark or comparison.
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Baseline
60% of classified citations
abstract
Chatbots such as GPT-4 and ChatGPT are now serving millions of users. Despite their widespread use, there remains a lack of public datasets showcasing how these tools are used by a population of users in practice. To bridge this gap, we offered free access to ChatGPT for online users in exchange for their affirmative, consensual opt-in to anonymously collect their chat transcripts and request headers. From this, we compiled WildChat, a corpus of 1 million user-ChatGPT conversations, which consists of over 2.5 million interaction turns. We compare WildChat with other popular user-chatbot interaction datasets, and find that our dataset offers the most diverse user prompts, contains the largest number of languages, and presents the richest variety of potentially toxic use-cases for researchers to study. In addition to timestamped chat transcripts, we enrich the dataset with demographic data, including state, country, and hashed IP addresses, alongside request headers. This augmentation allows for more detailed analysis of user behaviors across different geographical regions and temporal dimensions. Finally, because it captures a broad range of use cases, we demonstrate the dataset's potential utility in fine-tuning instruction-following models. WildChat is released at https://wildchat.allen.ai under AI2 ImpACT Licenses.
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representative citing papers
Instruction tuning makes late-layer computation depend more on the model's own post-trained upstream state than on base-model upstream state, producing a consistent +1.68 logit interaction effect across five model families.
An identification theorem shows that a randomized experiment and simulator together recover causal model values from confounded logs, with logs used only afterward to reduce estimation error.
CacheFlow cuts TTFT by 10-62% in batched LLM serving via 3D-parallel KV cache restoration and a two-pointer scheduler that overlaps recompute and I/O.
TOMPA performs black-box adversarial optimization in token space to discover non-linguistic patterns that nearly double the reward scores of GPT-5 answers on Skywork-Reward-V2 while producing gibberish text.
PERMA is a new benchmark using temporally ordered events, text variability, and linguistic alignment to evaluate LLM memory agents on persona consistency beyond simple retrieval.
A renewal-reward analysis yields a closed-form mean-field rule for the optimal Attention/FFN provisioning ratio in disaggregated LLM serving that accounts for stochastic KV-cache growth and matches simulation optima within 10%.
CPT is introduced as a pairwise reasoning-trace comparison stage that improves the reasoning-metacognition trade-off over standard SFT+RL pipelines across model scales.
A hybrid LLM-symbolic verifier maintains a dependency graph over conversation turns classified into eight formal update operations, enabling linear-time groundedness checks and precise retraction propagation with a conflict-free guarantee.
Linear probes on residual-stream activations identify a shared preference vector in LLMs that tracks choices across prompts and causally steers decisions even for anti-correlated personas.
DMI-Lib delivers 0.4-6.8% overhead for offline batch LLM inference and ~6% for moderate online serving while exposing rich internal signals across backends, cutting latency overhead 2-15x versus prior observability baselines.
Annotation-anchored training reduces semantic diversity collapse in post-trained language models by a factor of six compared to standard supervised fine-tuning while preserving instruction-following and improving with scale.
DisAAD trains a 1%-sized proxy model via adversarial distillation to quantify uncertainty in black-box LLMs by aligning with their output distributions.
Reasoning traces in large reasoning models expose safety failures missed by final-answer checks, and adaptive multi-principle steering reduces unsafe content in both traces and answers while preserving task performance.
A methodological framework and browser system BITE for collecting evolving user preferences on LLM outputs through context-triggered reflections and privacy-preserving data over time.
Switchless topologies such as 3D full-mesh are 20.6-56.2% more cost-effective than scale-up networks for MoE LLM serving, with current link bandwidths over-provisioned by up to 27%.
LenVM models token-level remaining generation length as a bounded discounted value function derived from constant negative per-token rewards, providing a scalable proxy for generation horizon.
Fluent AI users adopt an active, iterative collaboration mode that produces more visible failures but better recovery and success on hard tasks, whereas novices experience more invisible failures from passive use.
ChatGPT expands the diversity of user questions (80% non-searchable) but delivers less diverse responses than Google for comparable queries, creating a feedback loop that may constrain information exposure.
LLMs diverge from human goal selection in self-directed learning by exploiting single solutions with low variability across instances.
PaTaRM converts pairwise preference data into pointwise reward signals via a novel PAR mechanism and task-adaptive rubrics, reporting 8.7% gains on RewardBench/RMBench and 13.6% relative RLHF improvement.
LongWriter-Zero applies RL from a base model with specialized rewards for length, quality, and structure to outperform SFT baselines and larger models on long-writing benchmarks.
RewardBench 2 is a new benchmark that supplies challenging fresh human prompts for reward model evaluation, yielding lower average scores but higher correlation with downstream best-of-N sampling and RLHF training performance.
Fine-tuned simulators grounded in real human data produce LLM assistants that win more often against real users than those trained against role-playing simulators.
citing papers explorer
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AI Fiction in the Wild
Analysis of 500k ChatGPT logs shows over one-third of conversations generate fiction, dominated by power users with repetitive and niche patterns.
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Instruction Tuning Changes How Upstream State Conditions Late Readout: A Cross-Patching Diagnostic
Instruction tuning makes late-layer computation depend more on the model's own post-trained upstream state than on base-model upstream state, producing a consistent +1.68 logit interaction effect across five model families.
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The Partial Testimony of Logs: Evaluation of Language Model Generation under Confounded Model Choice
An identification theorem shows that a randomized experiment and simulator together recover causal model values from confounded logs, with logs used only afterward to reduce estimation error.
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CacheFlow: Efficient LLM Serving with 3D-Parallel KV Cache Restoration
CacheFlow cuts TTFT by 10-62% in batched LLM serving via 3D-parallel KV cache restoration and a two-pointer scheduler that overlaps recompute and I/O.
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Beyond Semantic Manipulation: Token-Space Attacks on Reward Models
TOMPA performs black-box adversarial optimization in token space to discover non-linguistic patterns that nearly double the reward scores of GPT-5 answers on Skywork-Reward-V2 while producing gibberish text.
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PERMA: Benchmarking Personalized Memory Agents via Event-Driven Preference and Realistic Task Environments
PERMA is a new benchmark using temporally ordered events, text variability, and linguistic alignment to evaluate LLM memory agents on persona consistency beyond simple retrieval.
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Analytical Provisioning for Attention-FFN Disaggregated LLM Serving under Stochastic Workloads
A renewal-reward analysis yields a closed-form mean-field rule for the optimal Attention/FFN provisioning ratio in disaggregated LLM serving that accounts for stochastic KV-cache growth and matches simulation optima within 10%.
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Enhancing LLM Metacognition via Cognitive Pairwise Training
CPT is introduced as a pairwise reasoning-trace comparison stage that improves the reasoning-metacognition trade-off over standard SFT+RL pipelines across model scales.
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Grounded Continuation: A Linear-Time Runtime Verifier for LLM Conversations
A hybrid LLM-symbolic verifier maintains a dependency graph over conversation turns classified into eight formal update operations, enabling linear-time groundedness checks and precise retraction propagation with a conflict-free guarantee.
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Probing Persona-Dependent Preferences in Language Models
Linear probes on residual-stream activations identify a shared preference vector in LLMs that tracks choices across prompts and causally steers decisions even for anti-correlated personas.
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Enabling Performant and Flexible Model-Internal Observability for LLM Inference
DMI-Lib delivers 0.4-6.8% overhead for offline batch LLM inference and ~6% for moderate online serving while exposing rich internal signals across backends, cutting latency overhead 2-15x versus prior observability baselines.
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Annotations Mitigate Post-Training Mode Collapse
Annotation-anchored training reduces semantic diversity collapse in post-trained language models by a factor of six compared to standard supervised fine-tuning while preserving instruction-following and improving with scale.
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Estimating the Black-box LLM Uncertainty with Distribution-Aligned Adversarial Distillation
DisAAD trains a 1%-sized proxy model via adversarial distillation to quantify uncertainty in black-box LLMs by aligning with their output distributions.
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Chain of Risk: Safety Failures in Large Reasoning Models and Mitigation via Adaptive Multi-Principle Steering
Reasoning traces in large reasoning models expose safety failures missed by final-answer checks, and adaptive multi-principle steering reduces unsafe content in both traces and answers while preserving task performance.
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Stayin' Aligned Over Time: Towards Longitudinal Human-LLM Alignment via Contextual Reflection and Privacy-Preserving Behavioral Data
A methodological framework and browser system BITE for collecting evolving user preferences on LLM outputs through context-triggered reflections and privacy-preserving data over time.
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Rethinking Network Topologies for Cost-Effective Mixture-of-Experts LLM Serving
Switchless topologies such as 3D full-mesh are 20.6-56.2% more cost-effective than scale-up networks for MoE LLM serving, with current link bandwidths over-provisioned by up to 27%.
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Length Value Model: Scalable Value Pretraining for Token-Level Length Modeling
LenVM models token-level remaining generation length as a bounded discounted value function derived from constant negative per-token rewards, providing a scalable proxy for generation horizon.
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A paradox of AI fluency
Fluent AI users adopt an active, iterative collaboration mode that produces more visible failures but better recovery and success on hard tasks, whereas novices experience more invisible failures from passive use.
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From Searchable to Non-Searchable: Generative AI and Information Diversity in Online Information Seeking
ChatGPT expands the diversity of user questions (80% non-searchable) but delivers less diverse responses than Google for comparable queries, creating a feedback loop that may constrain information exposure.
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Language Model Goal Selection Differs from Humans' in a Self-Directed Learning Task
LLMs diverge from human goal selection in self-directed learning by exploiting single solutions with low variability across instances.
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PaTaRM: Bridging Pairwise and Pointwise Signals via Preference-Aware Task-Adaptive Reward Modeling
PaTaRM converts pairwise preference data into pointwise reward signals via a novel PAR mechanism and task-adaptive rubrics, reporting 8.7% gains on RewardBench/RMBench and 13.6% relative RLHF improvement.
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LongWriter-Zero: Mastering Ultra-Long Text Generation via Reinforcement Learning
LongWriter-Zero applies RL from a base model with specialized rewards for length, quality, and structure to outperform SFT baselines and larger models on long-writing benchmarks.
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RewardBench 2: Advancing Reward Model Evaluation
RewardBench 2 is a new benchmark that supplies challenging fresh human prompts for reward model evaluation, yielding lower average scores but higher correlation with downstream best-of-N sampling and RLHF training performance.
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Quantifying the Utility of User Simulators for Building Collaborative LLM Assistants
Fine-tuned simulators grounded in real human data produce LLM assistants that win more often against real users than those trained against role-playing simulators.
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Same Voice, Different Lab: On the Homogenization of Frontier LLM Personalities
Frontier LLMs homogenize toward systematic and analytical personalities, suppressing emotional traits like remorseful or sycophantic, indicating an implicit consensus on optimal assistant behavior.
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Legal Retrieval for Public Defenders
NJ BriefBank is a domain-adapted legal retrieval tool for public defenders that improves on standard benchmarks by incorporating legal reasoning, domain data, and synthetic examples, with a new released taxonomy and annotated evaluation dataset.
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NVIDIA Nemotron 3: Efficient and Open Intelligence
NVIDIA releases the Nemotron 3 model family with hybrid Mamba-Transformer architecture, LatentMoE, NVFP4 training, MTP layers, and multi-environment RL post-training for reasoning and agentic tasks.
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WildFeedback: Aligning LLMs With In-situ User Interactions And Feedback
WildFeedback extracts preference pairs from in-situ user feedback in LLM conversations to fine-tune models for better alignment with real user preferences.
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LLM-Safety Evaluations Lack Robustness
LLM safety evaluations are hindered by noise in dataset curation, automated red-teaming, response generation, and LLM-judge evaluation, making fair comparisons difficult and slowing progress.
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OpenAI o1 System Card
OpenAI reports that chain-of-thought reasoning in o1 models enables deliberative alignment, yielding state-of-the-art results on selected safety benchmarks for illicit advice, stereotypes, and jailbreaks.
- REFLECTOR: Internalizing Step-wise Reflection against Indirect Jailbreak