{"work":{"id":"86e78049-2ac0-4060-8ec4-dc2c04d2dbc7","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W2892039870","doi":"10.1093/mnras/sty3345","arxiv_id":"1809.08239","raw_key":null,"title":"F., Lotz , J","authors":[{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9495-0079","given":"Vicente","family":"Rodriguez-Gomez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4226-304X","given":"Gregory F","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Jennifer M","family":"Lotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Space Telescope Science Institute, 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 1, D-85741 Garching bei München, Germany"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Pillepich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Königstuhl 17, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5976-4599","given":"Volker","family":"Springel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Straße 1, D-85741 Garching bei München, Germany"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3185-1540","given":"Shy","family":"Genel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA"},{"name":"Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, 550 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Weinberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8224-4505","given":"Sandro","family":"Tacchella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Rüdiger","family":"Pakmor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, D-69118 Heidelberg, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5653-0786","given":"Paul","family":"Torrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of Florida, 211 Bryant Space Sciences Center, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"ORCID":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3816-7028","given":"Federico","family":"Marinacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}],"authenticated-orcid":false},{"given":"Mark","family":"Vogelsberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Hernquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"}]},{"given":"David A","family":"Thilker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA"}]}],"authors_text":"Rodriguez-Gomez , V","year":2019,"venue":"astro-ph.GA","abstract":"We have generated synthetic images of $\\sim$27,000 galaxies from the IllustrisTNG and the original Illustris hydrodynamic cosmological simulations, designed to match Pan-STARRS observations of $\\log_{10}(M_{\\ast}/{\\rm M}_{\\odot}) \\approx 9.8$-$11.3$ galaxies at $z \\approx 0.05$. Most of our synthetic images were created with the SKIRT radiative transfer code, including the effects of dust attenuation and scattering, and performing the radiative transfer directly on the Voronoi mesh used by the simulations themselves. We have analysed both our synthetic and real Pan-STARRS images with the newly developed $\\tt{statmorph}$ code, which calculates non-parametric morphological diagnostics -- including the Gini-$M_{20}$ and concentration-asymmetry-smoothness (CAS) statistics -- and performs two-dimensional S\\'ersic fits. Overall, we find that the optical morphologies of IllustrisTNG galaxies are in good agreement with observations, and represent a substantial improvement compared to the original Illustris simulation. In particular, the locus of the Gini-$M_{20}$ diagram is consistent with that inferred from observations, while the median trends with stellar mass of all the morphological, size and shape parameters considered in this work lie within the $\\sim$1$\\sigma$ scatter of the observational trends. However, the IllustrisTNG model has some difficulty with more stringent tests, such as producing a strong morphology-colour relation. This results in a somewhat higher fraction of red discs and blue spheroids compared to observations. Similarly, the morphology-size relation is problematic: while observations show that discs tend to be larger than spheroids at a fixed stellar mass, such a trend is not present in IllustrisTNG.","external_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3345","cited_by_count":409,"metadata_source":"doi_reference","metadata_fetched_at":"2026-05-24T11:49:25.252658+00:00","pith_arxiv_id":"1809.08239","created_at":"2026-05-08T19:04:02.342124+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-24T11:49:25.252658+00:00","title_quality_ok":false,"display_title":"keywords =","render_title":"keywords ="},"hub":{"state":{"work_id":"86e78049-2ac0-4060-8ec4-dc2c04d2dbc7","tier":"hub","tier_reason":"10+ Pith inbound or 1,000+ external citations","pith_inbound_count":14,"external_cited_by_count":409,"distinct_field_count":3,"first_pith_cited_at":"2022-06-28T18:01:54+00:00","last_pith_cited_at":"2026-05-20T08:08:17+00:00","author_build_status":"not_needed","summary_status":"needed","contexts_status":"needed","graph_status":"needed","ask_index_status":"not_needed","reader_status":"not_needed","recognition_status":"not_needed","updated_at":"2026-05-31T11:02:36.947449+00:00","tier_text":"hub"},"tier":"hub","role_counts":[],"polarity_counts":[],"runs":{},"summary":{},"graph":{},"authors":[]}}