{"work":{"id":"a9948af2-1653-4e68-8ab8-abc838e3ac66","openalex_id":"https://openalex.org/W4226213275","doi":"10.48550/arxiv.2203.11601","arxiv_id":"2203.11601","raw_key":null,"title":"A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3","authors":null,"authors_text":"Christian Bierlich, Smita Chakraborty, Nishita Desai, Leif Gellersen, Ilkka Helenius, Philip Ilten","year":2022,"venue":"hep-ph","abstract":"This manual describes the PYTHIA 8.3 event generator, the most recent version of an evolving physics tool used to answer fundamental questions in particle physics. The program is most often used to generate high-energy-physics collision \"events\", i.e. sets of particles produced in association with the collision of two incoming high-energy particles, but has several uses beyond that. The guiding philosophy is to produce and reproduce properties of experimentally obtained collisions as accurately as possible. The program includes a wide ranges of reactions within and beyond the Standard Model, and extending to heavy ion physics. Emphasis is put on phenomena where strong interactions play a major role. The manual contains both pedagogical and practical components. All included physics models are described in enough detail to allow the user to obtain a cursory overview of used assumptions and approximations, enabling an informed evaluation of the program output. A number of the most central algorithms are described in enough detail that the main results of the program can be reproduced independently, allowing further development of existing models or the addition of new ones. Finally, a chapter dedicated fully to the user is included towards the end, providing pedagogical examples of standard use cases, and a detailed description of a number of external interfaces. The program code, the online manual, and the latest version of this print manual can be found on the PYTHIA web page: https://www.pythia.org/","external_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2203.11601","cited_by_count":43,"metadata_source":"pith","metadata_fetched_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817+00:00","pith_arxiv_id":"2203.11601","created_at":"2026-05-09T06:20:42.722611+00:00","updated_at":"2026-08-05T02:28:24.338817+00:00","title_quality_ok":true,"display_title":"A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3","render_title":"A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3"},"hub":{"state":{"work_id":"a9948af2-1653-4e68-8ab8-abc838e3ac66","tier":"super_hub","tier_reason":"100+ Pith inbound or 10,000+ external citations","pith_inbound_count":144,"external_cited_by_count":43,"distinct_field_count":11,"first_pith_cited_at":"2023-05-18T16:51:50+00:00","last_pith_cited_at":"2026-07-09T17:29:55+00:00","author_build_status":"needed","summary_status":"needed","contexts_status":"needed","graph_status":"needed","ask_index_status":"needed","reader_status":"not_needed","recognition_status":"not_needed","updated_at":"2026-08-22T14:19:23.821830+00:00","tier_text":"super_hub"},"tier":"super_hub","role_counts":[{"context_role":"method","n":23},{"context_role":"background","n":14},{"context_role":"baseline","n":1}],"polarity_counts":[{"context_polarity":"use_method","n":23},{"context_polarity":"background","n":14},{"context_polarity":"baseline","n":1}],"runs":{"ask_index":{"job_type":"ask_index","status":"succeeded","result":{"title":"A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3","claims":[{"claim_text":"This manual describes the PYTHIA 8.3 event generator, the most recent version of an evolving physics tool used to answer fundamental questions in particle physics. 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We implement our EFT operators inFeynRules[14, 104-106] and simulate the underlying partonic events viaMadGraph5 aMC[107, 108], which is subsequently interfaced withPythia8[109] for parton showering, hadronisation and decay of unstable SM particles. This procedure provides the differential","claim_type":"method","confidence":0.95,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"ing NLO EW corrections [99-118]. The VBF and VH signals are normalized to cross sections computed at NNLO in QCD with NLO EW corrections [117-128]. All signal processes are also scaled to account for the H→τ τbranching fraction [117, 129-134]. The description of the decay of the Higgs boson toτleptons is obtained using thePYTHIAgen- erator (version 8.306) [135]. These samples are simulated without accounting for theτlepton spin correlations. After the samples have been generated, theTAUSPINNERpa","claim_type":"method","confidence":0.9,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"Thus, the cross sections can be parameterized into a part that is linear in the WCs and a part that is quadratic in them. The strengths of the linear and quadratic contributions are described by the constantsA i α,j andB i α,jk, respectively. These constants are computed by generating events at leading order (LO), with extra parton emissions to partially capture NLO QCD effects, using MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLO2.0.16 interfaced withPYTHIA8.3 [107] to simulate parton showering and hadronization. The MLM j","claim_type":"method","confidence":0.9,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"D110, 014009 (2024), arXiv:2402.07869 [hep-ph]. [45] J. Alwall, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, V. Hirschi, F. Mal- toni, O. Mattelaer, H. S. Shao, T. Stelzer, P. Torrielli, and M. Zaro, The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations, JHEP07, 079, arXiv:1405.0301 [hep-ph]. [46] C. Bierlichet al., A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3, SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022, 8 (2022), arXiv:2203.116","claim_type":"background","confidence":0.9,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"}],"why_cited":"Pith tracks A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3 because it crossed a citation-hub threshold. 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The decay branching ratios are set toB ( ˜𝜒± 1 →ℎℓ ±)=100% and B ( ˜𝜒0 1 →ℎ𝜈)=100% , with equal branching fractions to each lepton generation. Samples were generated withMadGraph5_aMC@NLO3.5.3 [39] with theNNPDF3.0nlo[40] parton distribution function (PDF). The parton shower, hadronization, and underlying event were modeled usingPythia8.310 [41] with the A14 set of tuned parameters (tune) [42]. The MC setup for the signal, along with the SM background processes, is shown in Table 1. The dominant background in this analysis is from top-quark pair production (tt). The production oftt events was modeled using thePowheg Boxv2 [47-50] generator at NLO with theNNPDF3.0nloPDF set and theℎdamp parameter2 set to 1.","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.13819"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Search for pair production of additional neutral scalars within the Inert Doublet Model in a final state with two electrons or two muons in proton-proton collisions at $\\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV and 13.6 TeV","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":"The following subdominant contributions are also considered: t tW, t tZ and triboson (WWW, WWZ, WZZ) production, simulated with MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLOv2.6.5 at NLO in pQCD [50, 54]. All signal and background processes are simulated using similar Monte Carlo (MC) generator configurations, utilising theNNPDF3.1 [66] NNLO parton distribution functions. All gener- ators are interfaced withPYTHIAv8.240 [67] (v8.306 [68]) for the parton shower simulation, hadronisation, and fragmentation processes for the Run 2 (Run 3) samples, using the CP5 un- derlying event tune [69]. Interactions of the final-state particles with the CMS detector are simulated using GEANT4 [70]. Additional pp interactions (pileup) are included in the simula- 6 tion, and simulated events are weighted to reproduce the pileup distribution observed in data.","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.13614"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"MeVPrtl: An Event Generator for Dark Sector Particles in the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":"therefore a reasonable approximation to neglect the full structure of the beamline. The conservative approximation ICARUS and SBND Collaborations for the SBN Program:Preprint submitted to Elsevier Page 6 of 30 MeVPrtl: An Event Generator for Dark Sector Particles in the SBN Program of neglecting production in secondary interactions is employed. TheMeVPrtl generator therefore uses Pythia8 [26] to simulate proton-nucleon interactions in the NuMI target. These collisions are simulated at the center-of-mass energy 𝐸cm = √ 𝑚2 𝑝 + 𝑚2 𝑁 + 2𝑚𝑁 𝐸𝑝, where 𝑚𝑁 is the mass of the target nucleon,𝑚𝑝 is the mass of the incoming proton, and𝐸𝑝 is the energy of the incoming proton. This comes out to15.123 GeV for proton-proton collisions and 15.133GeV for proton-neutron collisions at the target.","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.11321"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Dissecting Jet-Tagger Through Mechanistic Interpretability","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"The mechanistic interpretability of theParTis shown in the Figure 1. 4 Experimental Setup 4.1 Dataset We use the Top Quark Tagging reference dataset of Refs. [ 13, 18], which consists of simulated jets from pp collisions at √s = 14 TeV. Signal jets are initiated by hadronic top decays, t→W b→q¯qb ; background jets are initiated by light quarks and gluons. Events are simulated with PYTHIA 8 [ 40] and detector effects are modeled by a fast parametric simulation. Both classes are selected with jet transverse momentum pT ∈ [550, 650] GeV and pseudo-rapidity |η|< 2. Jets are reconstructed with the anti- kT algorithm [41] using FastJet [42] with radius parameter R = 0.8. Each jet is represented by up to 200 constituent particles ordered by decreasingp T , with zero-padding for jets containing fewer constituents.","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.09881"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Revisiting predictions for cosmic-ray antinucleon fluxes from Galactic Dark Matter","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"metric Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile [48], with a scale radiusr s = 19.6 kpc [49], local DM density ρ⊙ = 0.385 GeV/cm 3 [50], and solar distanceR ⊙ = 8.20 kpc [51]. Finally,dN i/dEk/n,i denotes the differ- ential yield of antinuclei at production for the specified DM annihilation channel. To reliably predict the antinucleon differential yield, we employ a dedicated tuning ofPYTHIA[52], an MC event generator for high-energy particle collisions. This tuning specifies hadronization parameters and branching ratios and is calibrated to reproduce key observables mea- sured ine +e− collisions at theZ-pole, which provide a clean environment that closely resembles the hadroniza- tion conditions relevant for DM annihilation. The differ-","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.08338"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Decaying spin-3/2 dark matter from baryon number violation","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"focus the discussion on experiments measuring gamma- rays and neutrinos. To accurately determine the expected signal, we first compute the full decay spectrum of the DM candidate using Monte Carlo simulations. We implement our EFT operators inFeynRules[14, 104-106] and simulate the underlying partonic events viaMadGraph5 aMC[107, 108], which is subsequently interfaced withPythia8[109] for parton showering, hadronisation and decay of unstable SM particles. This procedure provides the differential energy spectra dN/dE, shown in Fig. 3, for all relevant final states taking into account the full cascade of sec- ondary decays. We then compare the resulting spectra with those ob- tained in benchmark scenarios commonly used in the lit-","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.06796"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Medium Characterization with Hard Probes: From Cherenkov Light in QED to Jet Drift in QCD","primary_cat":"nucl-th","context_text":"More recently, we have presented the first study [55] of event-by-event jet drift via APE (Anisotropic Partonic Evolution), a new open-source Monte Carlo parton trajectory simulator, that incorporates a host of flexible model choices to survey the variability of the effect. APE is an in-house hybrid module that takes initial hard scattering events from 15 PYTHIA [56], embeds them into the open-source Duke QCD medium model [57], performs our calculations of standard energy loss and jet drift, fragments the partons into final-state hadrons, and implements a hadronic afterburner [58, 59] all in one place, to mimic different stages of the heavy-ion collision. We demonstrated in the paper [55] that despite conservative assumptions, the imprint","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.04393"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Measurement of jet photoproduction in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions without nuclear breakup at $\\sqrt{s_\\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector","primary_cat":"nucl-ex","context_text":"for the remaining data, the full range (|𝜂jet|<4.9 ) was used. In order to measure the EMD rate of0𝑛0𝑛 𝛾+𝐴→jets collisions, an additional sample was collected using the same jet trigger requirements but with an L1 ZDC trigger requiring at least one neutron on exactly one side. 5 Several Monte Carlo (MC) samples were produced for this analysis using thePythia8 event generator [45, 46] for the three relevant physical processes:𝛾+𝐴→jets , 𝛾+𝐼 𝑃→jets , and𝛾+𝛾→jets . Final-state stable particles, defined as those with𝑐𝜏 >10 mm, were then passed to aGeant4-based simulation of the ATLAS detector [47, 48], the output of which was reconstructed in the same way as data. Equal numbers of events were generated with photons propagating in the positive and negative𝑧 directions for both the","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.24435"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Observation of impact parameter dependent modifications of nuclear parton distributions in photonuclear Pb+Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_\\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector","primary_cat":"nucl-ex","context_text":"select any of the jets in the final state is greater than 98% for all events within the fiducial acceptance of the measurement. To collect a sample of0𝑛𝑋𝑛 jet events, a separate set of triggers were deployed using identical jet andÍ 𝐸T requirements but with an L10𝑛𝑋𝑛ZDC trigger. Monte Carlo (MC) simulated samples were produced using thePythia8 event generator [42, 43] with the A14 set of tuned parameters [44] for three relevant physical processes: photonuclear (𝛾+𝐴→jets ), photon-pomeron(𝛾+𝐼 𝑃→jets ),andphoton-photon( 𝛾+𝛾→jets ). Thephotonfluxwascomputedusing Starlight[19],withtheintegrationoverimpactparameterandthetargetdensityperformedusingmethods described in Ref. [18]. For the𝛾+𝐴→jets process, the samples were produced using nCTEQ15 [45]","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.20559"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"A First Account of the Impact of Ion Electromagnetic Dissociation on Event Exclusivity in Ultraperipheral LHC Collisions","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"muon-pair production (γγ→µµ) and exclusive coherent J/ψproduction. Methodology-To model hadron production in high- energyγP bEMD at the LHC, we use thePythia8.316 Monte Carlo (MC) generator [29] with theAngantyr model [30] in theγP bbeam configuration. This model describes the multiplicity and rapidity distributions of hadrons fromγP binteractions at the LHC reasonably well [31]. The photon can interact as a point-like par- ticle (direct photon) or it can fluctuate into a hadronic state (resolved photon); both of these subprocesses are included inPythia8. Figure 1(a) shows the pseudora- pidity distribution of produced charged particles in the simulatedγP bsample for various representative photon energies. While particle production at low photon ener-","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.19879"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Low-Multiplicity Jets as Probes of GeV-Scale Light-Quark-Coupled Particles","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"80, 452 (2020), arXiv:1912.06509 [hep-ph]. [28] J. Alwall, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, V. Hirschi, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, H. S. Shao, T. Stelzer, P. Torrielli, and M. Zaro, The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations, JHEP07, 079, arXiv:1405.0301 [hep-ph]. [29] C. Bierlichet al., A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3, SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022, 8 (2022), arXiv:2203.11601 [hep-ph]. [30] M. Bahret al., Herwig++ Physics and Manual, Eur. Phys. J. C58, 639 (2008), arXiv:0803.0883 [hep-ph]. [31] M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez, FastJet User Manual, Eur. Phys. J. C72, 1896 (2012), arXiv:1111.","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.19864"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Centrality Dependence of the Balance Functions for Identified Particles in Pb--Pb Collisions Using Pythia + Angantyr","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"A 22 (2005), 149-157, doi:10.1556/APH.22.2005.1-2.15 . [36] J. Mercado, \"Two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in Pb- Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV with ALICE,\"J. Phys. G 38 (2011) 124056, doi: 10.1088/0954-3899/38/12/124056. [37] J. C. Garrison, \"Quantum Statistics of Identical Parti- cles,\"Found. Phys. 52 (2022) 4, 77, doi:10.1007/s10701- 022-00596-4. [38] C. Bierlichet al., \"A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3,\"SciPost Phys. Codeb. 2022 (2022), 8, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2203.11601. [39] T. Sj¨ ostrand, \"The PYTHIA Event Generator: Past, Present and Future,\"Comput. Phys. Commun. 246 (2020), 106910, 2019, doi:10.48550/arXiv.1907.09874 . [40] T. Sj¨ ostrand, S. Mrenna, and P. Z. Skands, \"A Brief In-","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.19585"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Search for quantum black holes in lepton+jet final states using proton-proton collisions at $\\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV with the ATLAS detector","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":"defined in terms of the polar angle𝜃 as 𝜂=−ln tan(𝜃/2) and is equal to the rapidity𝑦=(1/2)ln[(𝐸+𝑝 𝑧)/(𝐸−𝑝 𝑧)] in the relativistic limit. Angular distance is measured in units ofΔ𝑅≡ √︁ (Δ𝑦) 2 + (Δ𝜙) 2. 3 QBH MC signal samples were generated using theQBH v3.02generator [7] to compute the production cross-sections and model the hard-scatter process, assuming zero angular momentum. Events were then interfaced toPythia8 [34] to model parton showering and hadronisation. As in previous iterations of searches for QBHs, the CTEQ6L1 [35] PDF set was used and the QCD factorisation scale set to the inverse gravitational radius [7]. Requiring the QBH mass to be in the range(1−3)𝑀th (with 𝑀th =𝑀 D) ensures that QBHs are produced in a region where quantum effects are significant, excluding thermal decays.","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.19495"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Operator structure of power corrections and anomalous scaling in energy correlators","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"αs(µ) \u0013 CA S1 β0 .(24) Since theSconstant is independent ofJ L, we can im- mediately conclude that⟨H(z 1, z2)⟩satisfies the same re- lations. This reproduces the same leading-logarithmic structure found in [48] for the leading power correction to the EEC. To validate this evolution equation, we implement the D scheme within the Pythia event generator [65]. In Fig- ure 2, we show the isolated leading power correction, de- fined as the difference between the hadron- and parton- level EECs scaled by Q: (ζ(1−ζ)) 3 2 Q h FD-scheme Q (ζ)− F parton Q (ζ) i ,(25) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 ζ 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 (ζ(1 □ ζ))3/2Q (Hadron□ Parton) 50 GeV 100 GeV 200 GeV 400 GeV FIG. 2: Comparison of the leading power correction to","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.11967"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Multiplicity dependence of prompt and non-prompt J/$\\psi$ production at midrapidity in pp collisions at $\\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":", \"The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD\", Eur . Phys. J. C84(2024) 813,arXiv:2211.04384 [nucl-ex]. [17]ALICECollaboration, I. J. Abualrobet al., \"Centrality dependence of strange particle production in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN =5.02 TeV\",arXiv:2511.10360 [nucl-ex]. 24 Multiplicity-dependent prompt and non-prompt J/ψproduction at √s=13 TeV ALICE Collaboration [18]ALICECollaboration, I. J. Abualrobet al., \"Strangeness enhancement at its extremes: multiple (multi-)strange hadron production in pp collisions at √s=5.02 TeV\",arXiv:2511.10413 [nucl-ex]. [19]ALICECollaboration, B. Abelevet al., \"J/ψProduction as a Function of Charged Particle Multiplicity inppCollisions at √s=7 TeV\",Phys. Lett. B712(2012) 165-175,","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.07968"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Dijet invariant mass of charged-particle jets in pp and p-Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{\\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV","primary_cat":"nucl-ex","context_text":"with detector performance simulations. The particles used to simulate the detector performance during the p-Pb collisions were simulated using the PYTHIA6 MC even t generator [44] with the Perugia 2011 tune [45], while the particles for the detector performance simulations for the pp collisions were sim- ulated using the PYTHIA8 MC event generator [46] with the Mon ash 2013 tune [47]. The simulated particles were propagated through the detector material us ing GEANT3 [48], giving access to simulated detector signals which undergo the same event reconstructi on and tracking steps as the real signal. The dijet mass analysis is performed both on charged hadrons dir ectly from the MC (MC truth) and charged","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.07961"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Measurement of charged-particle production in $\\sqrt{s_\\text{NN}}=9.62$ TeV proton-oxygen collisions as a probe of cosmic-ray air showers with the ATLAS detector","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":"calorimeters (ZDC) [120] are situated at𝑧=±140 m from the interaction point. A software suite [121] is used for simulation, reconstruction and analysis of events, detector operations, and data acquisition. Monte Carlo (MC) simulated𝑝O events are generated with HIJING 1.38 [122]. An alternative sample is generatedusingthedefaultAngantyr[123, 124]modelinPythia8.308[35], whereEvtGen[125]handles heavy-flavor decays. These samples undergo detector simulation [126] based onGeant4[127]. Samples of models commonly used in cosmic-ray physics are generated with CRMC 2.2.1 [128]: DPMJET III 2019-1 [36, 37], EPOS LHC-R [38, 39], QGSJET II-04 [40], QGSJET III [41, 42], andSibyll2.3e [43]. A two-level trigger system [129, 130] selects events with at least one TRT azimuthal sector above threshold","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.05512"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Signals of Doomsday III: Cosmological signatures of the late time $U(1)_{EM}$ symmetry breaking","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"Dobrescu,MinimalSU(3)×SU(3)Symmetry Breaking Patterns,Phys. Rev. D97(2018) 055024 [1710.01456]. [49] J.R. West,Millicharged scalar fields, massive photons and the breaking ofSU(3) C ×U(1) EM, Phys. Rev. D99(2019) 073009 [1711.04534]. [50] T. Sj¨ ostrand, S. Ask, J.R. Christiansen, R. Corke, N. Desai, P. Ilten et al.,An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2,Comput. Phys. Commun.191(2015) 159 [1410.3012]. [51] C. Bierlich et al.,A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3,SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022(2022) 8 [2203.11601]. [52] W. Buchmuller and D. Wyler,Effective Lagrangian Analysis of New Interactions and Flavor Conservation,Nucl. Phys. B268(1986) 621. [53] B. Grzadkowski, M. Iskrzynski, M. Misiak and J. Rosiek,Dimension-Six Terms in the Standard Model Lagrangian,JHEP10(2010) 085 [1008.","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.05023"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Monte Carlo Event Generation with Continuous Normalizing Flows","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"Schu- mann, F. Siegert, and J. Winter, Event generation with SHERPA 1.1, JHEP2009(02), 007, arXiv:0811.4622 [hep-ph]. [48] E. Bothmannet al.(Sherpa), Event Generation with Sherpa 2.2, SciPost Phys.7, 034 (2019), arXiv:1905.09127 [hep-ph]. [49] E. Bothmannet al.(Sherpa), Event generation with Sherpa 3, JHEP2024(12), 156, arXiv:2410.22148 [hep- ph]. [50] C. Bierlichet al., A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3, SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022, 8 (2022), arXiv:2203.11601 [hep-ph]. [51] T. Sj¨ ostrand, S. Ask, J. R. Christiansen, R. Corke, N. De- sai, P. Ilten, S. Mrenna, S. Prestel, C. O. Rasmussen, and P. Z. Skands, An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2, Comput. Phys. Commun.191, 159 (2015), arXiv:1410.","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.03511"}]},"error":null,"updated_at":"2026-05-18T18:41:14.342744+00:00"},"identity_refresh":{"job_type":"identity_refresh","status":"succeeded","result":{"items":[{"title":"Qwen3 Technical Report","outcome":"unchanged","work_id":"25a4e30c-1232-48e7-9925-02fa12ba7c9e","resolver":"local_arxiv","confidence":0.98,"old_work_id":"25a4e30c-1232-48e7-9925-02fa12ba7c9e"}],"counts":{"fixed":0,"merged":0,"unchanged":1,"quarantined":0,"needs_external_resolution":0},"errors":[],"attempted":1},"error":null,"updated_at":"2026-05-18T18:41:18.538764+00:00"},"role_polarity":{"job_type":"role_polarity","status":"succeeded","result":{"title":"A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3","claims":[{"claim_text":"This manual describes the PYTHIA 8.3 event generator, the most recent version of an evolving physics tool used to answer fundamental questions in particle physics. 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Zaro, The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations, JHEP07, 079, arXiv:1405.0301 [hep-ph]. [46] C. Bierlichet al., A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3, SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022, 8 (2022), arXiv:2203.116","claim_type":"background","confidence":0.9,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"}],"why_cited":"Pith tracks A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3 because it crossed a citation-hub threshold. 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Angular distance is measured in units ofΔ𝑅≡ √︁ (Δ𝑦) 2 + (Δ𝜙) 2. 3 QBH MC signal samples were generated using theQBH v3.02generator [7] to compute the production cross-sections and model the hard-scatter process, assuming zero angular momentum. Events were then interfaced toPythia8 [34] to model parton showering and hadronisation. As in previous iterations of se","claim_type":"method","confidence":0.95,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"focus the discussion on experiments measuring gamma- rays and neutrinos. To accurately determine the expected signal, we first compute the full decay spectrum of the DM candidate using Monte Carlo simulations. We implement our EFT operators inFeynRules[14, 104-106] and simulate the underlying partonic events viaMadGraph5 aMC[107, 108], which is subsequently interfaced withPythia8[109] for parton showering, hadronisation and decay of unstable SM particles. This procedure provides the differential","claim_type":"method","confidence":0.95,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"The following subdominant contributions are also considered: t tW, t tZ and triboson (WWW, WWZ, WZZ) production, simulated with MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLOv2.6.5 at NLO in pQCD [50, 54]. All signal and background processes are simulated using similar Monte Carlo (MC) generator configurations, utilising theNNPDF3.1 [66] NNLO parton distribution functions. All gener- ators are interfaced withPYTHIAv8.240 [67] (v8.306 [68]) for the parton shower simulation, hadronisation, and fragmentation processes for the ","claim_type":"method","confidence":0.9,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"Frampton and S.L. Glashow,Unstable heavy particles,Phys. Rev. Lett.44(1980) 1481. [11] P. Gondolo, G. Gelmini and S. Sarkar,Cosmic neutrinos from unstable relic particles,Nucl. Phys. B392(1993) 111 [hep-ph/9209236]. [12] T. Kanzaki, M. Kawasaki, K. Kohri and T. Moroi,Cosmological Constraints on Neutrino Injection,Phys. Rev. D76(2007) 105017 [0705.1200]. [13] Y. Ema, R. Jinno and T. Moroi,Cosmic-Ray Neutrinos from the Decay of Long-Lived Particle and the Recent IceCube Result,Phys. Lett. B733(201","claim_type":"background","confidence":0.9,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"1) production at1000GeV for Run 2, with slightly higher cross sections for Run 3. The decay branching ratios are set toB ( ˜𝜒± 1 →ℎℓ ±)=100% and B ( ˜𝜒0 1 →ℎ𝜈)=100% , with equal branching fractions to each lepton generation. Samples were generated withMadGraph5_aMC@NLO3.5.3 [39] with theNNPDF3.0nlo[40] parton distribution function (PDF). The parton shower, hadronization, and underlying event were modeled usingPythia8.310 [41] with the A14 set of tuned parameters (tune) [42]. 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All gener- ators are interfaced withPYTHIAv8.240 [67] (v8.306 [68]) for the parton shower simulation, hadronisation, and fragmentation processes for the ","claim_type":"method","confidence":0.9,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"Frampton and S.L. Glashow,Unstable heavy particles,Phys. Rev. Lett.44(1980) 1481. [11] P. Gondolo, G. Gelmini and S. Sarkar,Cosmic neutrinos from unstable relic particles,Nucl. Phys. B392(1993) 111 [hep-ph/9209236]. [12] T. Kanzaki, M. Kawasaki, K. Kohri and T. Moroi,Cosmological Constraints on Neutrino Injection,Phys. Rev. D76(2007) 105017 [0705.1200]. [13] Y. Ema, R. Jinno and T. Moroi,Cosmic-Ray Neutrinos from the Decay of Long-Lived Particle and the Recent IceCube Result,Phys. Lett. B733(201","claim_type":"background","confidence":0.9,"evidence_strength":"citation_context"},{"claim_text":"1) production at1000GeV for Run 2, with slightly higher cross sections for Run 3. 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The decay branching ratios are set toB ( ˜𝜒± 1 →ℎℓ ±)=100% and B ( ˜𝜒0 1 →ℎ𝜈)=100% , with equal branching fractions to each lepton generation. Samples were generated withMadGraph5_aMC@NLO3.5.3 [39] with theNNPDF3.0nlo[40] parton distribution function (PDF). The parton shower, hadronization, and underlying event were modeled usingPythia8.310 [41] with the A14 set of tuned parameters (tune) [42]. The MC setup for the signal, along with the SM background processes, is shown in Table 1. The dominant background in this analysis is from top-quark pair production (tt). The production oftt events was modeled using thePowheg Boxv2 [47-50] generator at NLO with theNNPDF3.0nloPDF set and theℎdamp parameter2 set to 1.","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.13819"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Search for pair production of additional neutral scalars within the Inert Doublet Model in a final state with two electrons or two muons in proton-proton collisions at $\\sqrt{s}$ = 13 TeV and 13.6 TeV","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":"The following subdominant contributions are also considered: t tW, t tZ and triboson (WWW, WWZ, WZZ) production, simulated with MADGRAPH5 aMC@NLOv2.6.5 at NLO in pQCD [50, 54]. All signal and background processes are simulated using similar Monte Carlo (MC) generator configurations, utilising theNNPDF3.1 [66] NNLO parton distribution functions. All gener- ators are interfaced withPYTHIAv8.240 [67] (v8.306 [68]) for the parton shower simulation, hadronisation, and fragmentation processes for the Run 2 (Run 3) samples, using the CP5 un- derlying event tune [69]. Interactions of the final-state particles with the CMS detector are simulated using GEANT4 [70]. Additional pp interactions (pileup) are included in the simula- 6 tion, and simulated events are weighted to reproduce the pileup distribution observed in data.","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.13614"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"MeVPrtl: An Event Generator for Dark Sector Particles in the Short-Baseline Neutrino Program","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":"therefore a reasonable approximation to neglect the full structure of the beamline. The conservative approximation ICARUS and SBND Collaborations for the SBN Program:Preprint submitted to Elsevier Page 6 of 30 MeVPrtl: An Event Generator for Dark Sector Particles in the SBN Program of neglecting production in secondary interactions is employed. TheMeVPrtl generator therefore uses Pythia8 [26] to simulate proton-nucleon interactions in the NuMI target. These collisions are simulated at the center-of-mass energy 𝐸cm = √ 𝑚2 𝑝 + 𝑚2 𝑁 + 2𝑚𝑁 𝐸𝑝, where 𝑚𝑁 is the mass of the target nucleon,𝑚𝑝 is the mass of the incoming proton, and𝐸𝑝 is the energy of the incoming proton. This comes out to15.123 GeV for proton-proton collisions and 15.133GeV for proton-neutron collisions at the target.","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.11321"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Dissecting Jet-Tagger Through Mechanistic Interpretability","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"The mechanistic interpretability of theParTis shown in the Figure 1. 4 Experimental Setup 4.1 Dataset We use the Top Quark Tagging reference dataset of Refs. [ 13, 18], which consists of simulated jets from pp collisions at √s = 14 TeV. Signal jets are initiated by hadronic top decays, t→W b→q¯qb ; background jets are initiated by light quarks and gluons. Events are simulated with PYTHIA 8 [ 40] and detector effects are modeled by a fast parametric simulation. Both classes are selected with jet transverse momentum pT ∈ [550, 650] GeV and pseudo-rapidity |η|< 2. Jets are reconstructed with the anti- kT algorithm [41] using FastJet [42] with radius parameter R = 0.8. Each jet is represented by up to 200 constituent particles ordered by decreasingp T , with zero-padding for jets containing fewer constituents.","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.09881"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Revisiting predictions for cosmic-ray antinucleon fluxes from Galactic Dark Matter","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"metric Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) profile [48], with a scale radiusr s = 19.6 kpc [49], local DM density ρ⊙ = 0.385 GeV/cm 3 [50], and solar distanceR ⊙ = 8.20 kpc [51]. Finally,dN i/dEk/n,i denotes the differ- ential yield of antinuclei at production for the specified DM annihilation channel. To reliably predict the antinucleon differential yield, we employ a dedicated tuning ofPYTHIA[52], an MC event generator for high-energy particle collisions. This tuning specifies hadronization parameters and branching ratios and is calibrated to reproduce key observables mea- sured ine +e− collisions at theZ-pole, which provide a clean environment that closely resembles the hadroniza- tion conditions relevant for DM annihilation. The differ-","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.08338"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Decaying spin-3/2 dark matter from baryon number violation","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"focus the discussion on experiments measuring gamma- rays and neutrinos. To accurately determine the expected signal, we first compute the full decay spectrum of the DM candidate using Monte Carlo simulations. We implement our EFT operators inFeynRules[14, 104-106] and simulate the underlying partonic events viaMadGraph5 aMC[107, 108], which is subsequently interfaced withPythia8[109] for parton showering, hadronisation and decay of unstable SM particles. This procedure provides the differential energy spectra dN/dE, shown in Fig. 3, for all relevant final states taking into account the full cascade of sec- ondary decays. We then compare the resulting spectra with those ob- tained in benchmark scenarios commonly used in the lit-","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.06796"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Medium Characterization with Hard Probes: From Cherenkov Light in QED to Jet Drift in QCD","primary_cat":"nucl-th","context_text":"More recently, we have presented the first study [55] of event-by-event jet drift via APE (Anisotropic Partonic Evolution), a new open-source Monte Carlo parton trajectory simulator, that incorporates a host of flexible model choices to survey the variability of the effect. APE is an in-house hybrid module that takes initial hard scattering events from 15 PYTHIA [56], embeds them into the open-source Duke QCD medium model [57], performs our calculations of standard energy loss and jet drift, fragments the partons into final-state hadrons, and implements a hadronic afterburner [58, 59] all in one place, to mimic different stages of the heavy-ion collision. We demonstrated in the paper [55] that despite conservative assumptions, the imprint","citing_arxiv_id":"2605.04393"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Measurement of jet photoproduction in ultra-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions without nuclear breakup at $\\sqrt{s_\\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector","primary_cat":"nucl-ex","context_text":"for the remaining data, the full range (|𝜂jet|<4.9 ) was used. In order to measure the EMD rate of0𝑛0𝑛 𝛾+𝐴→jets collisions, an additional sample was collected using the same jet trigger requirements but with an L1 ZDC trigger requiring at least one neutron on exactly one side. 5 Several Monte Carlo (MC) samples were produced for this analysis using thePythia8 event generator [45, 46] for the three relevant physical processes:𝛾+𝐴→jets , 𝛾+𝐼 𝑃→jets , and𝛾+𝛾→jets . Final-state stable particles, defined as those with𝑐𝜏 >10 mm, were then passed to aGeant4-based simulation of the ATLAS detector [47, 48], the output of which was reconstructed in the same way as data. Equal numbers of events were generated with photons propagating in the positive and negative𝑧 directions for both the","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.24435"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Observation of impact parameter dependent modifications of nuclear parton distributions in photonuclear Pb+Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_\\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector","primary_cat":"nucl-ex","context_text":"select any of the jets in the final state is greater than 98% for all events within the fiducial acceptance of the measurement. To collect a sample of0𝑛𝑋𝑛 jet events, a separate set of triggers were deployed using identical jet andÍ 𝐸T requirements but with an L10𝑛𝑋𝑛ZDC trigger. Monte Carlo (MC) simulated samples were produced using thePythia8 event generator [42, 43] with the A14 set of tuned parameters [44] for three relevant physical processes: photonuclear (𝛾+𝐴→jets ), photon-pomeron(𝛾+𝐼 𝑃→jets ),andphoton-photon( 𝛾+𝛾→jets ). Thephotonfluxwascomputedusing Starlight[19],withtheintegrationoverimpactparameterandthetargetdensityperformedusingmethods described in Ref. [18]. For the𝛾+𝐴→jets process, the samples were produced using nCTEQ15 [45]","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.20559"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"A First Account of the Impact of Ion Electromagnetic Dissociation on Event Exclusivity in Ultraperipheral LHC Collisions","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"muon-pair production (γγ→µµ) and exclusive coherent J/ψproduction. Methodology-To model hadron production in high- energyγP bEMD at the LHC, we use thePythia8.316 Monte Carlo (MC) generator [29] with theAngantyr model [30] in theγP bbeam configuration. This model describes the multiplicity and rapidity distributions of hadrons fromγP binteractions at the LHC reasonably well [31]. The photon can interact as a point-like par- ticle (direct photon) or it can fluctuate into a hadronic state (resolved photon); both of these subprocesses are included inPythia8. Figure 1(a) shows the pseudora- pidity distribution of produced charged particles in the simulatedγP bsample for various representative photon energies. While particle production at low photon ener-","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.19879"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Low-Multiplicity Jets as Probes of GeV-Scale Light-Quark-Coupled Particles","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"80, 452 (2020), arXiv:1912.06509 [hep-ph]. [28] J. Alwall, R. Frederix, S. Frixione, V. Hirschi, F. Maltoni, O. Mattelaer, H. S. Shao, T. Stelzer, P. Torrielli, and M. Zaro, The automated computation of tree-level and next-to-leading order differential cross sections, and their matching to parton shower simulations, JHEP07, 079, arXiv:1405.0301 [hep-ph]. [29] C. Bierlichet al., A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3, SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022, 8 (2022), arXiv:2203.11601 [hep-ph]. [30] M. Bahret al., Herwig++ Physics and Manual, Eur. Phys. J. C58, 639 (2008), arXiv:0803.0883 [hep-ph]. [31] M. Cacciari, G. P. Salam, and G. Soyez, FastJet User Manual, Eur. Phys. J. C72, 1896 (2012), arXiv:1111.","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.19864"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Centrality Dependence of the Balance Functions for Identified Particles in Pb--Pb Collisions Using Pythia + Angantyr","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"A 22 (2005), 149-157, doi:10.1556/APH.22.2005.1-2.15 . [36] J. Mercado, \"Two-pion Bose-Einstein correlations in Pb- Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV with ALICE,\"J. Phys. G 38 (2011) 124056, doi: 10.1088/0954-3899/38/12/124056. [37] J. C. Garrison, \"Quantum Statistics of Identical Parti- cles,\"Found. Phys. 52 (2022) 4, 77, doi:10.1007/s10701- 022-00596-4. [38] C. Bierlichet al., \"A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3,\"SciPost Phys. Codeb. 2022 (2022), 8, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2203.11601. [39] T. Sj¨ ostrand, \"The PYTHIA Event Generator: Past, Present and Future,\"Comput. Phys. Commun. 246 (2020), 106910, 2019, doi:10.48550/arXiv.1907.09874 . [40] T. Sj¨ ostrand, S. Mrenna, and P. Z. Skands, \"A Brief In-","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.19585"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Search for quantum black holes in lepton+jet final states using proton-proton collisions at $\\sqrt{s}=13.6$ TeV with the ATLAS detector","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":"defined in terms of the polar angle𝜃 as 𝜂=−ln tan(𝜃/2) and is equal to the rapidity𝑦=(1/2)ln[(𝐸+𝑝 𝑧)/(𝐸−𝑝 𝑧)] in the relativistic limit. Angular distance is measured in units ofΔ𝑅≡ √︁ (Δ𝑦) 2 + (Δ𝜙) 2. 3 QBH MC signal samples were generated using theQBH v3.02generator [7] to compute the production cross-sections and model the hard-scatter process, assuming zero angular momentum. Events were then interfaced toPythia8 [34] to model parton showering and hadronisation. As in previous iterations of searches for QBHs, the CTEQ6L1 [35] PDF set was used and the QCD factorisation scale set to the inverse gravitational radius [7]. Requiring the QBH mass to be in the range(1−3)𝑀th (with 𝑀th =𝑀 D) ensures that QBHs are produced in a region where quantum effects are significant, excluding thermal decays.","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.19495"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Operator structure of power corrections and anomalous scaling in energy correlators","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"αs(µ) \u0013 CA S1 β0 .(24) Since theSconstant is independent ofJ L, we can im- mediately conclude that⟨H(z 1, z2)⟩satisfies the same re- lations. This reproduces the same leading-logarithmic structure found in [48] for the leading power correction to the EEC. To validate this evolution equation, we implement the D scheme within the Pythia event generator [65]. In Fig- ure 2, we show the isolated leading power correction, de- fined as the difference between the hadron- and parton- level EECs scaled by Q: (ζ(1−ζ)) 3 2 Q h FD-scheme Q (ζ)− F parton Q (ζ) i ,(25) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 ζ 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 (ζ(1 □ ζ))3/2Q (Hadron□ Parton) 50 GeV 100 GeV 200 GeV 400 GeV FIG. 2: Comparison of the leading power correction to","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.11967"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Multiplicity dependence of prompt and non-prompt J/$\\psi$ production at midrapidity in pp collisions at $\\sqrt{s} = 13$ TeV","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":", \"The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD\", Eur . Phys. J. C84(2024) 813,arXiv:2211.04384 [nucl-ex]. [17]ALICECollaboration, I. J. Abualrobet al., \"Centrality dependence of strange particle production in Pb-Pb collisions at √sNN =5.02 TeV\",arXiv:2511.10360 [nucl-ex]. 24 Multiplicity-dependent prompt and non-prompt J/ψproduction at √s=13 TeV ALICE Collaboration [18]ALICECollaboration, I. J. Abualrobet al., \"Strangeness enhancement at its extremes: multiple (multi-)strange hadron production in pp collisions at √s=5.02 TeV\",arXiv:2511.10413 [nucl-ex]. [19]ALICECollaboration, B. Abelevet al., \"J/ψProduction as a Function of Charged Particle Multiplicity inppCollisions at √s=7 TeV\",Phys. Lett. B712(2012) 165-175,","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.07968"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Dijet invariant mass of charged-particle jets in pp and p-Pb collisions at $\\sqrt{s_{\\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV","primary_cat":"nucl-ex","context_text":"with detector performance simulations. The particles used to simulate the detector performance during the p-Pb collisions were simulated using the PYTHIA6 MC even t generator [44] with the Perugia 2011 tune [45], while the particles for the detector performance simulations for the pp collisions were sim- ulated using the PYTHIA8 MC event generator [46] with the Mon ash 2013 tune [47]. The simulated particles were propagated through the detector material us ing GEANT3 [48], giving access to simulated detector signals which undergo the same event reconstructi on and tracking steps as the real signal. The dijet mass analysis is performed both on charged hadrons dir ectly from the MC (MC truth) and charged","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.07961"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Measurement of charged-particle production in $\\sqrt{s_\\text{NN}}=9.62$ TeV proton-oxygen collisions as a probe of cosmic-ray air showers with the ATLAS detector","primary_cat":"hep-ex","context_text":"calorimeters (ZDC) [120] are situated at𝑧=±140 m from the interaction point. A software suite [121] is used for simulation, reconstruction and analysis of events, detector operations, and data acquisition. Monte Carlo (MC) simulated𝑝O events are generated with HIJING 1.38 [122]. An alternative sample is generatedusingthedefaultAngantyr[123, 124]modelinPythia8.308[35], whereEvtGen[125]handles heavy-flavor decays. These samples undergo detector simulation [126] based onGeant4[127]. Samples of models commonly used in cosmic-ray physics are generated with CRMC 2.2.1 [128]: DPMJET III 2019-1 [36, 37], EPOS LHC-R [38, 39], QGSJET II-04 [40], QGSJET III [41, 42], andSibyll2.3e [43]. A two-level trigger system [129, 130] selects events with at least one TRT azimuthal sector above threshold","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.05512"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Signals of Doomsday III: Cosmological signatures of the late time $U(1)_{EM}$ symmetry breaking","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"Dobrescu,MinimalSU(3)×SU(3)Symmetry Breaking Patterns,Phys. Rev. D97(2018) 055024 [1710.01456]. [49] J.R. West,Millicharged scalar fields, massive photons and the breaking ofSU(3) C ×U(1) EM, Phys. Rev. D99(2019) 073009 [1711.04534]. [50] T. Sj¨ ostrand, S. Ask, J.R. Christiansen, R. Corke, N. Desai, P. Ilten et al.,An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2,Comput. Phys. Commun.191(2015) 159 [1410.3012]. [51] C. Bierlich et al.,A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3,SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022(2022) 8 [2203.11601]. [52] W. Buchmuller and D. Wyler,Effective Lagrangian Analysis of New Interactions and Flavor Conservation,Nucl. Phys. B268(1986) 621. [53] B. Grzadkowski, M. Iskrzynski, M. Misiak and J. Rosiek,Dimension-Six Terms in the Standard Model Lagrangian,JHEP10(2010) 085 [1008.","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.05023"},{"n":1,"role":"method","polarity":"use_method","paper_title":"Monte Carlo Event Generation with Continuous Normalizing Flows","primary_cat":"hep-ph","context_text":"Schu- mann, F. Siegert, and J. Winter, Event generation with SHERPA 1.1, JHEP2009(02), 007, arXiv:0811.4622 [hep-ph]. [48] E. Bothmannet al.(Sherpa), Event Generation with Sherpa 2.2, SciPost Phys.7, 034 (2019), arXiv:1905.09127 [hep-ph]. [49] E. Bothmannet al.(Sherpa), Event generation with Sherpa 3, JHEP2024(12), 156, arXiv:2410.22148 [hep- ph]. [50] C. Bierlichet al., A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3, SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022, 8 (2022), arXiv:2203.11601 [hep-ph]. [51] T. Sj¨ ostrand, S. Ask, J. R. Christiansen, R. Corke, N. De- sai, P. Ilten, S. Mrenna, S. Prestel, C. O. Rasmussen, and P. Z. Skands, An introduction to PYTHIA 8.2, Comput. Phys. Commun.191, 159 (2015), arXiv:1410.","citing_arxiv_id":"2604.03511"}]},"authors":[{"id":"0e571afb-bdab-44b8-b429-2dd6c1e7ccc6","orcid":null,"display_name":"Christian Bierlich","source":"manual","import_confidence":0.72},{"id":"27f1d016-f098-4500-b771-db359b830194","orcid":null,"display_name":"Ilkka Helenius","source":"manual","import_confidence":0.72},{"id":"4c8bdbfe-5d7f-4e35-929b-bfbb8f4ec5cf","orcid":null,"display_name":"Leif Gellersen","source":"manual","import_confidence":0.72},{"id":"cff08659-1674-4a91-9331-e591c8dcd7e8","orcid":null,"display_name":"Nishita Desai","source":"manual","import_confidence":0.72},{"id":"1489e230-b2e9-430e-ae48-de74d6e5c58e","orcid":null,"display_name":"Philip Ilten","source":"manual","import_confidence":0.72},{"id":"80c46e85-46b7-4d2d-abea-170b83f2c7c2","orcid":null,"display_name":"Smita Chakraborty","source":"manual","import_confidence":0.72}]}}