Negative Ca II IRT residual indices in FGK stars arise mainly because synthetic photospheric templates miss chromospheric structure and NLTE effects that deepen the observed cores.
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Revisiting Ca II Activity Indices in FGK Stars: Systematic Biases in Infrared Triplet Measurements
Negative Ca II IRT residual indices in FGK stars arise mainly because synthetic photospheric templates miss chromospheric structure and NLTE effects that deepen the observed cores.