MMMU provides 11.5K heterogeneous college-level multimodal questions that current models solve at 56-59% accuracy, establishing a new standard for expert multimodal evaluation.
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AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Models
44 Pith papers cite this work, alongside 61 external citations. Polarity classification is still indexing.
abstract
Evaluating the general abilities of foundation models to tackle human-level tasks is a vital aspect of their development and application in the pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Traditional benchmarks, which rely on artificial datasets, may not accurately represent human-level capabilities. In this paper, we introduce AGIEval, a novel benchmark specifically designed to assess foundation model in the context of human-centric standardized exams, such as college entrance exams, law school admission tests, math competitions, and lawyer qualification tests. We evaluate several state-of-the-art foundation models, including GPT-4, ChatGPT, and Text-Davinci-003, using this benchmark. Impressively, GPT-4 surpasses average human performance on SAT, LSAT, and math competitions, attaining a 95% accuracy rate on the SAT Math test and a 92.5% accuracy on the English test of the Chinese national college entrance exam. This demonstrates the extraordinary performance of contemporary foundation models. In contrast, we also find that GPT-4 is less proficient in tasks that require complex reasoning or specific domain knowledge. Our comprehensive analyses of model capabilities (understanding, knowledge, reasoning, and calculation) reveal these models' strengths and limitations, providing valuable insights into future directions for enhancing their general capabilities. By concentrating on tasks pertinent to human cognition and decision-making, our benchmark delivers a more meaningful and robust evaluation of foundation models' performance in real-world scenarios. The data, code, and all model outputs are released in https://github.com/ruixiangcui/AGIEval.
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representative citing papers
A new benchmark dataset drawn from Japan's National Assessment of Academic Ability supplies real exam layouts, diagrams, Japanese text, and nationwide student response distributions for evaluating multimodal LLMs.
VLegal-Bench supplies 10,450 expert-validated samples for evaluating LLMs on Vietnamese legal questions, retrieval, multi-step reasoning, and scenario solving.
PRIMETIME generator reveals that LLM datetime parsing and arithmetic primitives are individually unreliable but fully learnable via fine-tuning, enabling frontier-level accuracy on event planning with small LoRA models.
LCPO trains L1 reasoning models to adhere to prompt-specified CoT lengths, supporting accuracy-compute trade-offs and yielding short reasoning models that outperform larger baselines at matched lengths.
DeepSeek-V2 delivers top-tier open-source LLM performance using only 21B active parameters by compressing the KV cache 93.3% and cutting training costs 42.5% via MLA and DeepSeekMoE.
BLUEX v2 creates a public dataset from 2022-2025 UNICAMP and USP second-phase exams and evaluates 21 LLMs via LLM-as-judge, finding scores from 4.18 to 9.10 with math and image understanding as weakest areas.
LLM routers across 21 methods on 5 benchmarks converge to similar accuracy below oracle due to learning global performance trends rather than fine-grained query signals.
BAR trains independent domain experts via separate mid-training, SFT, and RL pipelines then composes them with a MoE router to match monolithic retraining performance at lower cost and without catastrophic forgetting.
Agent-World autonomously synthesizes verifiable real-world tasks and uses continuous self-evolution to train 8B and 14B agents that outperform proprietary models on 23 benchmarks.
The Master Key Hypothesis states that capabilities are low-dimensional directions transferable across models through linear subspace alignment, with UNLOCK demonstrating gains such as 12.1% accuracy improvement on MATH when transferring CoT from 14B to 7B models.
Dr. LLM retrofits frozen LLMs with MCTS-supervised per-layer routers for skip/execute/repeat decisions, delivering up to +3.4% accuracy and 5-layer savings on reasoning tasks with strong out-of-domain generalization.
A human-centered design workshop with journalism practitioners yields an evaluation cookbook and design requirements for contextualized, value-aligned generative AI benchmarks.
PAS automates activation steering for LLMs using labeled data to improve behavior control on tasks like bias and alignment, with gains over ICL and SFT but limited effect on intelligence tasks.
League of LLMs organizes LLMs into a self-governed mutual evaluation league using dynamic, transparent, objective, and professional criteria to distinguish model capabilities with 70.7% top-k ranking stability.
Math reasoning gains in LLMs rarely transfer to general domains; RL tuning generalizes while SFT causes forgetting and representation drift.
MoE models with activation rates in an optimal region outperform dense LLMs of identical total parameter count, training compute, and data budget, with the optimal region consistent across scales.
Pixtral-12B is a 12B multimodal LLM with a custom vision encoder that ingests images at native resolution and aspect ratio, achieving leading benchmark results among open models while preserving text capabilities.
DCLM-Baseline dataset lets a 7B model reach 64% 5-shot MMLU accuracy after 2.6T tokens, beating prior open-data models by 6.6 points on MMLU with 40% less compute.
An open-source MoE code model matches GPT-4 Turbo on coding and math benchmarks while expanding to 338 languages and 128K context length.
MMLU-Pro is a revised benchmark that makes language model evaluation harder and more stable by using ten options per question and emphasizing reasoning over simple knowledge recall.
DeepSeekMath 7B reaches 51.7% on MATH via continued pretraining on curated web math data and Group Relative Policy Optimization.
GPT-4V achieves 51.1% success on live web tasks as a generalist agent when plans are manually grounded, outperforming text-only models, but automatic grounding lags far behind oracle performance.
Falcon-180B is a 180B-parameter open decoder-only model trained on 3.5 trillion tokens that approaches PaLM-2-Large performance at lower cost and is released with dataset extracts.
citing papers explorer
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MMMU: A Massive Multi-discipline Multimodal Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for Expert AGI
MMMU provides 11.5K heterogeneous college-level multimodal questions that current models solve at 56-59% accuracy, establishing a new standard for expert multimodal evaluation.
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Human-Grounded Multimodal Benchmark with 900K-Scale Aggregated Student Response Distributions from Japan's National Assessment of Academic Ability
A new benchmark dataset drawn from Japan's National Assessment of Academic Ability supplies real exam layouts, diagrams, Japanese text, and nationwide student response distributions for evaluating multimodal LLMs.
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VLegal-Bench: Cognitively Grounded Benchmark for Vietnamese Legal Reasoning of Large Language Models
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PRIMETIME : Limits of LLMs in Temporal Primitives
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L1: Controlling How Long A Reasoning Model Thinks With Reinforcement Learning
LCPO trains L1 reasoning models to adhere to prompt-specified CoT lengths, supporting accuracy-compute trade-offs and yielding short reasoning models that outperform larger baselines at matched lengths.
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DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model
DeepSeek-V2 delivers top-tier open-source LLM performance using only 21B active parameters by compressing the KV cache 93.3% and cutting training costs 42.5% via MLA and DeepSeekMoE.
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BLUEX v2: Benchmarking LLMs on Open-Ended Questions from Brazilian University Entrance Exams
BLUEX v2 creates a public dataset from 2022-2025 UNICAMP and USP second-phase exams and evaluates 21 LLMs via LLM-as-judge, finding scores from 4.18 to 9.10 with math and image understanding as weakest areas.
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The Routing Plateau: Understanding and Breaking the Accuracy Limits of LLM Routers
LLM routers across 21 methods on 5 benchmarks converge to similar accuracy below oracle due to learning global performance trends rather than fine-grained query signals.
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Train Separately, Merge Together: Modular Post-Training with Mixture-of-Experts
BAR trains independent domain experts via separate mid-training, SFT, and RL pipelines then composes them with a MoE router to match monolithic retraining performance at lower cost and without catastrophic forgetting.
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Agent-World: Scaling Real-World Environment Synthesis for Evolving General Agent Intelligence
Agent-World autonomously synthesizes verifiable real-world tasks and uses continuous self-evolution to train 8B and 14B agents that outperform proprietary models on 23 benchmarks.
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The Master Key Hypothesis: Unlocking Cross-Model Capability Transfer via Linear Subspace Alignment
The Master Key Hypothesis states that capabilities are low-dimensional directions transferable across models through linear subspace alignment, with UNLOCK demonstrating gains such as 12.1% accuracy improvement on MATH when transferring CoT from 14B to 7B models.
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Dr.LLM: Dynamic Layer Routing in LLMs
Dr. LLM retrofits frozen LLMs with MCTS-supervised per-layer routers for skip/execute/repeat decisions, delivering up to +3.4% accuracy and 5-layer savings on reasoning tasks with strong out-of-domain generalization.
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Towards Real-World Validity in Generative AI Benchmarks: Understanding and Designing Domain-Centered Evaluations for Journalism Practitioners
A human-centered design workshop with journalism practitioners yields an evaluation cookbook and design requirements for contextualized, value-aligned generative AI benchmarks.
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Painless Activation Steering: An Automated, Lightweight Approach for Post-Training Large Language Models
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League of LLMs: A Benchmark-Free Paradigm for Mutual Evaluation of Large Language Models
League of LLMs organizes LLMs into a self-governed mutual evaluation league using dynamic, transparent, objective, and professional criteria to distinguish model capabilities with 70.7% top-k ranking stability.
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Does Math Reasoning Improve General LLM Capabilities? Understanding Transferability of LLM Reasoning
Math reasoning gains in LLMs rarely transfer to general domains; RL tuning generalizes while SFT causes forgetting and representation drift.
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Mixture-of-Experts Can Surpass Dense LLMs Under Strictly Equal Resource
MoE models with activation rates in an optimal region outperform dense LLMs of identical total parameter count, training compute, and data budget, with the optimal region consistent across scales.
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Pixtral 12B
Pixtral-12B is a 12B multimodal LLM with a custom vision encoder that ingests images at native resolution and aspect ratio, achieving leading benchmark results among open models while preserving text capabilities.
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DataComp-LM: In search of the next generation of training sets for language models
DCLM-Baseline dataset lets a 7B model reach 64% 5-shot MMLU accuracy after 2.6T tokens, beating prior open-data models by 6.6 points on MMLU with 40% less compute.
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DeepSeek-Coder-V2: Breaking the Barrier of Closed-Source Models in Code Intelligence
An open-source MoE code model matches GPT-4 Turbo on coding and math benchmarks while expanding to 338 languages and 128K context length.
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MMLU-Pro: A More Robust and Challenging Multi-Task Language Understanding Benchmark
MMLU-Pro is a revised benchmark that makes language model evaluation harder and more stable by using ten options per question and emphasizing reasoning over simple knowledge recall.
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DeepSeekMath: Pushing the Limits of Mathematical Reasoning in Open Language Models
DeepSeekMath 7B reaches 51.7% on MATH via continued pretraining on curated web math data and Group Relative Policy Optimization.
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GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Grounded
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The Falcon Series of Open Language Models
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MAmmoTH: Building Math Generalist Models through Hybrid Instruction Tuning
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Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena
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SingGuard: A Policy-Adaptive Multimodal LLM Guardrail with Dynamic Reasoning
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Artificial Intelligence for Mathematical Reasoning: An Integrated Survey of Language Models, Neuro-symbolic Systems, and Verified Discovery
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Position: AI Evaluations Should be Grounded on a Theory of Capability
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Humanity's Last Exam
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Mixtral of Experts
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DeepSeek LLM: Scaling Open-Source Language Models with Longtermism
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Baichuan 2: Open Large-scale Language Models
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A Practice of Post-Training on Llama-3 70B with Optimal Selection of Additional Language Mixture Ratio
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