{"work":{"id":"d5600a1d-8baa-4d76-a815-1bfc7be1ded0","openalex_id":null,"doi":null,"arxiv_id":"1908.09203","raw_key":null,"title":"Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models","authors":null,"authors_text":"Irene Solaiman, Miles Brundage, Jack Clark, Amanda Askell, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Jeff Wu","year":2019,"venue":"cs.CL","abstract":"Large language models have a range of beneficial uses: they can assist in prose, poetry, and programming; analyze dataset biases; and more. However, their flexibility and generative capabilities also raise misuse concerns. This report discusses OpenAI's work related to the release of its GPT-2 language model. It discusses staged release, which allows time between model releases to conduct risk and benefit analyses as model sizes increased. It also discusses ongoing partnership-based research and provides recommendations for better coordination and responsible publication in AI.","external_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.09203","cited_by_count":null,"metadata_source":"pith","metadata_fetched_at":"2026-05-17T22:40:23.531865+00:00","pith_arxiv_id":"1908.09203","created_at":"2026-05-09T22:34:07.192570+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-17T22:40:23.531865+00:00","title_quality_ok":true,"display_title":"Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models","render_title":"Release Strategies and the Social Impacts of Language Models"},"hub":{"state":{"work_id":"d5600a1d-8baa-4d76-a815-1bfc7be1ded0","tier":"hub","tier_reason":"10+ Pith inbound or 1,000+ external citations","pith_inbound_count":19,"external_cited_by_count":null,"distinct_field_count":6,"first_pith_cited_at":"2020-05-22T21:34:34+00:00","last_pith_cited_at":"2026-05-07T20:05:38+00:00","author_build_status":"not_needed","summary_status":"needed","contexts_status":"needed","graph_status":"needed","ask_index_status":"not_needed","reader_status":"not_needed","recognition_status":"not_needed","updated_at":"2026-05-18T03:50:26.904136+00:00","tier_text":"hub"},"tier":"hub","role_counts":[{"context_role":"background","n":1},{"context_role":"baseline","n":1}],"polarity_counts":[{"context_polarity":"background","n":1},{"context_polarity":"baseline","n":1}],"runs":{},"summary":{},"graph":{},"authors":[]}}