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We summarize the state of the art in our understanding of black hole quasinormal modes in general relativity and modified gravity, their excitation, and the modeling of ringdown waveforms. We also review the status of LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA ringdown observations, data analysis techniques, and the bright prospects of the field in the era of LISA and next-generation ground-based gravitational-wave detectors.","external_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.23895","cited_by_count":null,"metadata_source":"pith","metadata_fetched_at":"2026-05-17T03:13:56.334511+00:00","pith_arxiv_id":"2505.23895","created_at":"2026-05-09T06:05:35.913503+00:00","updated_at":"2026-05-17T03:13:56.334511+00:00","title_quality_ok":true,"display_title":"Black hole spectroscopy: from theory to experiment","render_title":"Black hole spectroscopy: from theory to experiment"},"hub":{"state":{"work_id":"d5c07d13-a0ab-4c80-9fcd-dbbfcd03378c","tier":"hub","tier_reason":"10+ Pith inbound or 1,000+ external citations","pith_inbound_count":49,"external_cited_by_count":null,"distinct_field_count":4,"first_pith_cited_at":"2025-07-10T23:52:46+00:00","last_pith_cited_at":"2026-05-13T20:01:38+00:00","author_build_status":"not_needed","summary_status":"needed","contexts_status":"needed","graph_status":"needed","ask_index_status":"not_needed","reader_status":"not_needed","recognition_status":"not_needed","updated_at":"2026-05-17T18:20:01.123501+00:00","tier_text":"hub"},"tier":"hub","role_counts":[{"context_role":"background","n":23}],"polarity_counts":[{"context_polarity":"background","n":22},{"context_polarity":"unclear","n":1}],"runs":{"context_extract":{"job_type":"context_extract","status":"succeeded","result":{"enqueued_papers":25},"error":null,"updated_at":"2026-05-14T18:30:07.642334+00:00"},"graph_features":{"job_type":"graph_features","status":"succeeded","result":{"co_cited":[{"title":"Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes","work_id":"51775bcb-14dc-4eec-8c8c-179fd9588810","shared_citers":14},{"title":"GWTC-4.0: Tests of General Relativity. 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