In the 't Hooft model, the first excited pion has a few-percent strange-antistrange asymmetry, and the meson cloud model reproduces it but fails for charm-anticharm asymmetry.
On the Effect of Asymmetric Strange Seas and Isospin-Violating Parton Distribution Functions on sin2thetaW Measured at NuTeV
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abstract
The NuTeV collaboration recently reported a value of sin2thetaW measured in neutrino-nucleon scattering that is 3 standard deviations above the standard model prediction. This result is derived assuming that (1) the strange sea is quark-antiquark symmetric, s(x)=sbar(x), and (2) up and down quark distributions are symmetric under the simultaneous interchange of u<->d and p<->n. We report the impact of violations of these symmetries on sin2thetaW and discuss the theoretical and experimental constraints on such asymmetries.
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Strange-antistrange and charm-anticharm asymmetries of pion in 't Hooft model
In the 't Hooft model, the first excited pion has a few-percent strange-antistrange asymmetry, and the meson cloud model reproduces it but fails for charm-anticharm asymmetry.