Corrected empirical limits show the most massive galaxies never exceed the theoretical baryonic maximum of 0.16 times halo virial mass, keeping observations consistent with LambdaCDM at all redshifts.
I - Univariate distributions
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2026 2representative citing papers
X-ray analysis of 94 FIR-selected AGNs at z=0.07-5 shows rising obscured fraction with redshift, soft excess in 10 sources, and a luminosity-dependent covering factor correlation supporting the receding torus model.
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Empirical estimates of how massive galaxies can be in {\Lambda}CDM
Corrected empirical limits show the most massive galaxies never exceed the theoretical baryonic maximum of 0.16 times halo virial mass, keeping observations consistent with LambdaCDM at all redshifts.
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The Lockman-SpReSO Project: A Deep X-ray Spectral View of a FIR-selected AGN Population
X-ray analysis of 94 FIR-selected AGNs at z=0.07-5 shows rising obscured fraction with redshift, soft excess in 10 sources, and a luminosity-dependent covering factor correlation supporting the receding torus model.