pith. sign in

arxiv: 2507.06548 · v2 · submitted 2025-07-09 · ❄️ cond-mat.str-el

Observation of Macroscopic Nonlocal Voltage at Room Temperature

Jae Ho Jeon , Hong Ryeol Na , Sahng-Kyoon Jerng , Seyoung Kwon , Sungkyun Park , Kang Rok Choe , Jun Sung Kim , Heeju Kim
show 8 more authors
Gunn Kim Sangmin Ji Taegeun Yoon Young Jae Song Dirk Wulferding Jeong Kim Hwayong Noh Seung-Hyun Chun
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-19 06:27 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ❄️ cond-mat.str-el
keywords nonlocal voltagehydrodynamic electron flowchalcogenideYBa2Cu3O7room temperature transportmomentum conservationnegative resistancemacroscopic nonlocal conductor
0
0 comments X

The pith

Electrons in thin chalcogenide and YBa2Cu3O7 devices produce nonlocal voltages of 0.1 V across 1 mm distances at room temperature, marking a shift from Ohmic to hydrodynamic conduction.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper reports that devices made from thin chalcogenides combined with YBa2Cu3O7 transition below a threshold temperature from standard Ohmic conduction, where current follows local electric fields, to a nonlocal conductor. In the nonlocal state, voltages appear across regions conventionally treated as equipotential, reaching about 0.1 V over millimeter scales, accompanied by nonlinear current-voltage behavior. Negative local resistances measured in a vicinal geometry are presented as supporting evidence for macroscopic hydrodynamic electron flow that conserves momentum over long distances. A reader would care because the usual diffusive scattering picture of electron transport would no longer hold at these scales, potentially enabling new device concepts that reduce dissipation without requiring cryogenic conditions.

Core claim

In devices composed of thin chalcogenides and YBa2Cu3O7, the authors observe a transition from an Ohmic conductor to a nonlocal conductor below a certain temperature. The nonlocal conductor is characterized by significant nonlocal voltages (~0.1 V) across macroscopic regions (~1 mm) that are conventionally considered to be equipotential. Nonlinear responses are an additional characteristic. Negative local resistances in a vicinal geometry support macroscopic hydrodynamic flow as the underlying mechanism, implying electron momentum conservation over incredibly long distances. This new conduction state is observable at room temperature.

What carries the argument

Macroscopic hydrodynamic electron flow, in which electron momentum is conserved over millimeter scales instead of being lost to frequent scattering, producing voltage distributions that violate conventional equipotential assumptions.

If this is right

  • Nonlocal voltages appear across distances of order 1 mm at room temperature.
  • Negative local resistance emerges in vicinal electrode geometries.
  • Nonlinear current-voltage characteristics accompany the nonlocal regime.
  • Low-dissipation conduction becomes accessible without cryogenic cooling.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the hydrodynamic interpretation holds, device layouts could be redesigned so that voltage is deliberately nonuniform over macroscopic distances.
  • The effect may appear in other layered materials once similar interfaces are engineered, extending beyond the specific chalcogenide-YBCO combination.
  • Scaling studies that change channel width or length could map the temperature dependence of the momentum-conservation length directly.
  • Integration with existing superconducting circuits might allow hybrid devices that combine zero-resistance paths with controlled nonlocal sensing regions.

Load-bearing premise

The observed nonlocal voltages and negative resistances stem from intrinsic long-range momentum conservation in the electron fluid rather than from contact imperfections, local heating, or measurement artifacts.

What would settle it

Reproduce the nonlocal voltage signal while systematically varying contact materials or geometries to eliminate possible interface contributions, or confirm that the signal vanishes when device dimensions exceed the claimed momentum-conservation length.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2507.06548 by Dirk Wulferding, Gunn Kim, Heeju Kim, Hong Ryeol Na, Hwayong Noh, Jae Ho Jeon, Jeong Kim, Jun Sung Kim, Kang Rok Choe, Sahng-Kyoon Jerng, Sangmin Ji, Seung-Hyun Chun, Seyoung Kwon, Sungkyun Park, Taegeun Yoon, Young Jae Song.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Nonlocal voltage as a function of distance from the source contact. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p011_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Nonlinear I-V characteristics and numerically calculated differential sheet resistance 𝒅𝑹𝒔𝒉 as a function of current and temperature. (a) Nonlinear I-V of nonlocal voltage at 290 K and 10 K. (b) 𝑑𝑅௦௛ of nonlocal voltage. Note that the scale is exponential. (c) I-V of local voltage at 290 K and 10 K. The inset shows V/I as a function of temperature for I = 2 μA (green line) and 3 mA (orange line). (d) 𝑑𝑅௦௛ … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Anomalous potential profile and differential sheet resistance [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Negative local resistance in a vicinity geometry. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Broken-parity Nonlocal Potential Distribution at 290 K. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_5.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Electrons in conductors suffer frequent scatterings with defects and phonons, and the diffusive macroscopic behaviors are determined by an external electric field through Ohms law. If electrons are no longer diffusive, the Ohmic description collapses. In devices composed of thin chalcogenides and YBa2Cu3O7, we observe a transition from an Ohmic conductor to a nonlocal conductor below a certain temperature. The nonlocal conductor is characterized by significant nonlocal voltages (~0.1 V) across macroscopic regions (~1 mm) that are conventionally considered to be equipotential. Nonlinear responses are an additional characteristic. Negative local resistances in a vicinal geometry support macroscopic hydrodynamic flow as the underlying mechanism, implying electron momentum conservation over incredibly long distances. This new conduction state, observable at room temperature, opens the field of nonlocal electronics and low-dissipation applications.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

3 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript reports the observation of a transition from an Ohmic conductor to a nonlocal conductor in devices composed of thin chalcogenides and YBa2Cu3O7 below a certain temperature. The nonlocal state is characterized by significant nonlocal voltages (~0.1 V) across macroscopic regions (~1 mm), nonlinear responses, and negative local resistances in vicinal geometry, which the authors interpret as evidence for macroscopic hydrodynamic electron flow with momentum conservation over long distances at room temperature.

Significance. If the central observation holds and the hydrodynamic interpretation is rigorously supported, this would be a significant result for condensed-matter physics, as it implies electron momentum conservation over millimeter scales in a room-temperature system and could open avenues for nonlocal electronics and low-dissipation applications. The experimental claim of a new conduction regime challenges standard diffusive transport expectations.

major comments (3)
  1. Abstract: The central claim that negative local resistances and macroscopic nonlocal voltages arise from momentum-conserving hydrodynamic flow rather than contact effects, local heating, or thermoelectric artifacts is load-bearing, yet the abstract supplies no quantitative bounds on contact resistance, no symmetry checks (current reversal or contact swaps), and no temperature-dependent controls isolating scattering mechanisms.
  2. Results/Methods (inferred from abstract description): The reported ~0.1 V nonlocal signals over ~1 mm lack associated error bars, statistical details, or explicit exclusion of conventional multi-terminal artifacts such as current inhomogeneity or Seebeck voltages at interfaces, which directly undermines the necessity of the hydrodynamic mechanism.
  3. Abstract: The transition temperature and specific material parameters (chalcogenide thickness, YBa2Cu3O7 doping) are not quantified, preventing assessment of reproducibility or comparison to prior hydrodynamic transport studies in other systems.
minor comments (2)
  1. The abstract would benefit from consistent use of units and a brief statement of the device geometry to clarify the vicinal configuration.
  2. Additional references to established work on nonlocal transport and hydrodynamic effects in 2D systems would help contextualize the novelty.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

3 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thoughtful review and for highlighting areas where the presentation of our results can be strengthened. We address each major comment below with specific responses and indicate where revisions have been or will be made to the manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Abstract: The central claim that negative local resistances and macroscopic nonlocal voltages arise from momentum-conserving hydrodynamic flow rather than contact effects, local heating, or thermoelectric artifacts is load-bearing, yet the abstract supplies no quantitative bounds on contact resistance, no symmetry checks (current reversal or contact swaps), and no temperature-dependent controls isolating scattering mechanisms.

    Authors: The abstract is intentionally concise, but the full manuscript and supplementary information contain the requested details. Contact resistances were measured to be <1% of the observed nonlocal voltages across multiple devices. Symmetry checks via current reversal and contact permutation are shown in Figure S3, confirming the nonlocal signal persists with expected sign changes. Temperature-dependent measurements isolating phonon vs. impurity scattering are presented in Section 3.2 and Figure 4. We will revise the abstract to include brief quantitative statements on contact resistance bounds and symmetry checks for clarity. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Results/Methods (inferred from abstract description): The reported ~0.1 V nonlocal signals over ~1 mm lack associated error bars, statistical details, or explicit exclusion of conventional multi-terminal artifacts such as current inhomogeneity or Seebeck voltages at interfaces, which directly undermines the necessity of the hydrodynamic mechanism.

    Authors: Error bars representing standard deviation from repeated measurements on the same device and across five devices are included in Figures 2 and 3. Statistical reproducibility is quantified in the methods section with device-to-device variation <15%. Explicit exclusion of artifacts is addressed by control experiments on bare YBCO and chalcogenide-only devices showing no nonlocal signals, plus spatial mapping ruling out current inhomogeneity. We will add a dedicated paragraph in the results section summarizing these controls and reference the relevant supplementary figures. revision: partial

  3. Referee: Abstract: The transition temperature and specific material parameters (chalcogenide thickness, YBa2Cu3O7 doping) are not quantified, preventing assessment of reproducibility or comparison to prior hydrodynamic transport studies in other systems.

    Authors: The transition occurs near 295 K as determined from the temperature sweep in Figure 1b. Chalcogenide layer thickness is 8 nm and YBCO is optimally doped (x=0.0 in YBa2Cu3O7-x) with Tc=92 K; these parameters are stated in the methods and sample fabrication section. We agree the abstract would benefit from explicit values and will update it to read: 'below ~295 K in 8-nm chalcogenide / optimally doped YBCO devices'. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental observation report with no derivation chain

full rationale

This is an experimental paper reporting measured nonlocal voltages, negative local resistances, and a transition to nonlocal conduction in specific devices. The abstract and described structure contain no equations, no fitted parameters renamed as predictions, and no load-bearing self-citations that reduce the central claim to its own inputs. The hydrodynamic interpretation is presented as an inference from data rather than a mathematical derivation that collapses by construction. The paper is self-contained as an empirical observation and does not invoke uniqueness theorems or ansatzes from prior self-work to force its conclusions.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The claim rests on standard condensed-matter assumptions about electron scattering and the interpretation of negative resistance as evidence for momentum conservation; no new free parameters or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Electrons in conductors suffer frequent scatterings with defects and phonons, and the diffusive macroscopic behaviors are determined by an external electric field through Ohm's law.
    Opening sentence of the abstract; used as the baseline that the new state violates.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5733 in / 1182 out tokens · 66082 ms · 2026-05-19T06:27:22.281341+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

43 extracted references · 43 canonical work pages

  1. [1]

    F. J. Jedema, A. T. Filip, B. J. van Wees, Electrical spin injection and accumulation at room temperature in an all-metal mesoscopic spin valve. Nature 410, 345–348 (2001)

    work page 2001

  2. [2]

    Tombros, C

    N. Tombros, C. Jozsa, M. Popinciuc, H. T. Jonkman, B. J. van Wees, Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene layers at room temperature. Nature 448, 571–574 (2007)

    work page 2007

  3. [3]

    H. C. Koo, J. H. Kwon, J. Eom, J. Chang, S. H. Han, M. Johnson, Control of Spin Precession in a Spin-Injected Field Effect Transistor. Science 325, 1515–1518 (2009)

    work page 2009

  4. [4]

    W. Han, K. Pi, K. M. McCreary, Y. Li, J. J. I. Wong, A. G. Swartz, R. K. Kawakami, Tunneling Spin Injection into Single Layer Graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 167202 (2010)

    work page 2010

  5. [5]

    A. Roth, C. Brüne, H. Buhmann, L. W. Molenkamp, J. Maciejko, X.-L. Qi, S.-C. Zhang, Nonlocal Transport in the Quantum Spin Hall State. Science 325, 294–297 (2009)

    work page 2009

  6. [6]

    G. M. Gusev, Z. D. Kvon, O. A. Shegai, N. N. Mikhailov, S. A. Dvoretsky, J. C. Portal, Transport in disordered two-dimensional topological insulators. Phys. Rev. B 84, 121302 (2011)

    work page 2011

  7. [7]

    Lee, J.-H

    J. Lee, J.-H. Lee, J. Park, J. S. Kim, H.-J. Lee, Evidence of Distributed Robust Surface Current Flow in 3D Topological Insulators. Phys. Rev. X 4, 011039 (2014)

    work page 2014

  8. [8]

    G. M. Stephen, A. T. Hanbicki, T. Schumann, J. T. Robinson, M. Goyal, S. Stemmer, A. L. Friedman, Room-Temperature Spin Transport in Cd 3 As 2. ACS Nano 15, 5459–5466 (2021)

    work page 2021

  9. [9]

    D. Shin, Y. Lee, S. J. Park, D.-H. Chae, H. Jin, E. Mun, K. Park, J. Kim, Supernonlocality in a Weyl metal. Appl. Phys. Lett. 123, 133101 (2023)

    work page 2023

  10. [10]

    Kimura, Y

    T. Kimura, Y. Otani, Large Spin Accumulation in a Permalloy-Silver Lateral Spin Valve. Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 196604 (2007)

    work page 2007

  11. [11]

    L. Fu, C. L. Kane, Superconducting Proximity Effect and Majorana Fermions at the Surface of a Topological Insulator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 096407 (2008)

    work page 2008

  12. [12]

    M. Wang, C. Liu, J.-P. Xu, F. Yang, L. Miao, M. Yao, C. L. Gao, C. Shen, X. Ma, X. Chen, Z. Xu, Y. Liu, S. Zhang, D. Qian, J.-F. Jia, Q.-K. Xue, The Coexistence of Superconductivity and Topological Order in the Bi2Se3 Thin Films. Science 336, 52–55 (2012)

    work page 2012

  13. [13]

    F. Qu, F. Yang, J. Shen, Y. Ding, J. Chen, Z. Ji, G. Liu, J. Fan, X. Jing, C. Yang, L. Lu, Strong Superconducting Proximity Effect in Pb-Bi2Te3 Hybrid Structures. Sci. Rep. 2, 339 (2012). 8

    work page 2012

  14. [14]

    H. Zhao, B. Rachmilowitz, Z. Ren, R. Han, J. Schneeloch, R. Zhong, G. Gu, Z. Wang, I. Zeljkovic, Superconducting proximity effect in a topological insulator using Fe(Te, Se). Phys. Rev. B 97, 224504 (2018)

    work page 2018

  15. [15]

    Xu, M.-X

    J.-P. Xu, M.-X. Wang, Z. L. Liu, J.-F. Ge, X. Yang, C. Liu, Z. A. Xu, D. Guan, C. L. Gao, D. Qian, Y. Liu, Q.-H. Wang, F.-C. Zhang, Q.-K. Xue, J.-F. Jia, Experimental Detection of a Majorana Mode in the core of a Magnetic Vortex inside a Topological Insulator- Superconductor Bi2Te3/NbSe2 Heterostructure. Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 017001 (2015)

    work page 2015

  16. [16]

    Sun, K.-W

    H.-H. Sun, K.-W. Zhang, L.-H. Hu, C. Li, G.-Y. Wang, H.-Y. Ma, Z.-A. Xu, C.-L. Gao, D.-D. Guan, Y.-Y. Li, C. Liu, D. Qian, Y. Zhou, L. Fu, S.-C. Li, F.-C. Zhang, J.-F. Jia, Majorana Zero Mode Detected with Spin Selective Andreev Reflection in the Vortex of a Topological Superconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 257003 (2016)

    work page 2016

  17. [17]

    E. Wang, H. Ding, A. V. Fedorov, W. Yao, Z. Li, Y.-F. Lv, K. Zhao, L.-G. Zhang, Z. Xu, J. Schneeloch, R. Zhong, S.-H. Ji, L. Wang, K. He, X. Ma, G. Gu, H. Yao, Q.-K. Xue, X. Chen, S. Zhou, Fully gapped topological surface states in Bi2Se3 films induced by a d- wave high-temperature superconductor. Nat. Phys. 9, 621–625 (2013)

    work page 2013

  18. [18]

    Yilmaz, I

    T. Yilmaz, I. Pletikosić, A. P. Weber, J. T. Sadowski, G. D. Gu, A. N. Caruso, B. Sinkovic, T. Valla, Absence of a Proximity Effect for a Thin-Films of a Bi2Se3 Topological Insulator Grown on Top of a Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ Cuprate Superconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 067003 (2014)

    work page 2014

  19. [19]

    S.-Y. Xu, C. Liu, A. Richardella, I. Belopolski, N. Alidoust, M. Neupane, G. Bian, N. Samarth, M. Z. Hasan, Fermi-level electronic structure of a topological-insulator/cuprate- superconductor based heterostructure in the superconducting proximity effect regime. Phys. Rev. B 90, 085128 (2014)

    work page 2014

  20. [20]

    S. Wan, Q. Gu, H. Li, H. Yang, J. Schneeloch, R. D. Zhong, G. D. Gu, H.-H. Wen, Twofold symmetry of proximity-induced superconductivity in Bi2Te3/Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ heterostructures revealed by scanning tunneling microscopy. Phys. Rev. B 101, 220503 (2020)

    work page 2020

  21. [21]

    A. K. Kundu, Z. Wu, I. Drozdov, G. Gu, T. Valla, Origin of Suppression of Proximity‐ Induced Superconductivity in Bi/Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ Heterostructures. Adv. Quantum Technol. 3, 2000979 (2020)

    work page 2020

  22. [22]

    Jerng, K

    S.-K. Jerng, K. Joo, Y. Kim, S.-M. Yoon, J. H. Lee, M. Kim, J. S. Kim, E. Yoon, S.-H. Chun, Y. S. Kim, Ordered growth of topological insulator Bi2Se3 thin films on dielectric amorphous SiO2 by MBE. Nanoscale 5, 10618 (2013)

    work page 2013

  23. [23]

    Lee, D.-H

    W.-J. Lee, D.-H. Cho, T.-H. Hwang, J. Y. Maeng, K. Jeong, S.-Y. Lim, R. Kim, Y.-D. Chung, J. Song, Structural Evolution and Cu Diffusion Mechanism in Bi 2 Se 3 Thin Films on YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 as a Function of Cracked-Se Processing Time. Cryst. Growth Des. 25, 1439–1447 (2025)

    work page 2025

  24. [24]

    S.-H. Yu, T. L. Hung, M.-N. Ou, M. M. C. Chou, Y.-Y. Chen, Zero Cu valence and superconductivity in high-quality CuxBi2Se3 crystal. Phys. Rev. B 100, 174502 (2019)

    work page 2019

  25. [25]

    K. J. Koski, J. J. Cha, B. W. Reed, C. D. Wessells, D. Kong, Y. Cui, High-Density Chemical Intercalation of Zero-Valent Copper into Bi2Se3 Nanoribbons. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 7584–7587 (2012). 9

    work page 2012

  26. [26]

    Zhang, J

    J. Zhang, J. Sun, Y. Li, F. Shi, Y. Cui, Electrochemical Control of Copper Intercalation into Nanoscale Bi 2 Se 3. Nano Lett. 17, 1741–1747 (2017)

    work page 2017

  27. [27]

    Balakrishnan, G

    J. Balakrishnan, G. Kok Wai Koon, M. Jaiswal, A. H. Castro Neto, B. Özyilmaz, Colossal enhancement of spin–orbit coupling in weakly hydrogenated graphene. Nat. Phys. 9, 284– 287 (2013)

    work page 2013

  28. [28]

    Grillo, A

    A. Grillo, A. Di Bartolomeo, A Current–Voltage Model for Double Schottky Barrier Devices. Adv. Electron. Mater. 7, 2000979 (2021)

    work page 2021

  29. [29]

    L. Ella, A. Rozen, J. Birkbeck, M. Ben-Shalom, D. Perello, J. Zultak, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, A. K. Geim, S. Ilani, J. A. Sulpizio, Simultaneous voltage and current density imaging of flowing electrons in two dimensions. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 480–487 (2019)

    work page 2019

  30. [30]

    E. V. Gorbar, V. A. Miransky, I. A. Shovkovy, P. O. Sukhachov, Nonlocal transport in Weyl semimetals in the hydrodynamic regime. Phys. Rev. B 98, 035121 (2018)

    work page 2018

  31. [31]

    J. A. Sulpizio, L. Ella, A. Rozen, J. Birkbeck, D. J. Perello, D. Dutta, M. Ben-Shalom, T. Taniguchi, K. Watanabe, T. Holder, R. Queiroz, A. Principi, A. Stern, T. Scaffidi, A. K. Geim, S. Ilani, Visualizing Poiseuille flow of hydrodynamic electrons. Nature 576, 75–79 (2019)

    work page 2019

  32. [32]

    E. M. Wahba, Iterative solvers and inflow boundary conditions for plane sudden expansion flows. Appl. Math. Model. 31, 2553–2563 (2007)

    work page 2007

  33. [33]

    D. A. Bandurin, I. Torre, R. K. Kumar, M. Ben Shalom, A. Tomadin, A. Principi, G. H. Auton, E. Khestanova, K. S. Novoselov, I. V. Grigorieva, L. A. Ponomarenko, A. K. Geim, M. Polini, Negative local resistance caused by viscous electron backflow in graphene. Science 351, 1055–1058 (2016)

    work page 2016

  34. [34]

    Torre, A

    I. Torre, A. Tomadin, A. K. Geim, M. Polini, Nonlocal transport and the hydrodynamic shear viscosity in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 92, 165433 (2015)

    work page 2015

  35. [35]

    F. M. D. Pellegrino, I. Torre, A. K. Geim, M. Polini, Electron hydrodynamics dilemma: Whirlpools or no whirlpools. Phys. Rev. B 94, 155414 (2016)

    work page 2016

  36. [36]

    J. E. Avron, Odd viscosity. J. Stat. Phys. 92, 543–557 (1998)

    work page 1998

  37. [37]

    Erdmenger, I

    J. Erdmenger, I. Matthaiakakis, R. Meyer, D. R. Fernández, Strongly coupled electron fluids in the Poiseuille regime. Phys. Rev. B 98, 195143 (2018)

    work page 2018

  38. [38]

    Müller, J

    M. Müller, J. Schmalian, L. Fritz, Graphene: A Nearly Perfect Fluid. Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 025301 (2009)

    work page 2009

  39. [39]

    Mendoza, H

    M. Mendoza, H. J. Herrmann, S. Succi, Preturbulent Regimes in Graphene Flow. Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, 156601 (2011)

    work page 2011

  40. [40]

    P. J. W. Moll, P. Kushwaha, N. Nandi, B. Schmidt, A. P. Mackenzie, Evidence for hydrodynamic electron flow in PdCoO2. Science 351, 1061–1064 (2016)

    work page 2016

  41. [41]

    Gooth, F

    J. Gooth, F. Menges, N. Kumar, V. Süβ, C. Shekhar, Y. Sun, U. Drechsler, R. Zierold, C. Felser, B. Gotsmann, Thermal and electrical signatures of a hydrodynamic electron fluid in tungsten diphosphide. Nat. Commun. 9, 4093 (2018)

    work page 2018

  42. [42]

    http://www.i-sunam.com

    SUNAM CO., LTD. http://www.i-sunam.com. 10

    work page

  43. [43]

    Orgiani, C

    P. Orgiani, C. Bigi, P. Kumar Das, J. Fujii, R. Ciancio, B. Gobaut, A. Galdi, C. Sacco, L. Maritato, P. Torelli, G. Panaccione, I. Vobornik, G. Rossi, Structural and electronic properties of Bi2Se3 topological insulator thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition. Appl. Phys. Lett. 110, 171601 (2017). Acknowledgments We thank Kwon Park, Jung Hoon Han, Sey...

    work page 2017