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arxiv: 1907.09376 · v1 · pith:2VEFPCCAnew · submitted 2019-07-22 · ⚛️ physics.ins-det · hep-ex· nucl-ex

CUPID pre-CDR

The CUPID Interest Group This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-24 17:39 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ physics.ins-det hep-exnucl-ex
keywords neutrinoless double beta decaybolometric detectorsneutrino masslepton number violationalpha beta discriminationmolybdenum-100background reductionCUORE
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The pith

CUPID will reduce backgrounds with alpha/beta discrimination and 100Mo to probe neutrinoless double beta decay in the inverted neutrino hierarchy.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper presents the pre-conceptual design for CUPID, a proposed tonne-scale bolometric experiment to search for neutrinoless double beta decay. It will cut backgrounds in the signal region by applying high-efficiency alpha/beta discrimination already shown in smaller arrays and by selecting the high transition energy nucleus 100Mo. The design reuses much of the existing CUORE infrastructure. If correct, this would allow testing whether neutrinos are their own antiparticles and discovering lepton number violation in the inverted hierarchy mass range.

Core claim

CUPID will dramatically reduce the backgrounds in the region of interest by introducing high efficiency α/β discrimination techniques, also demonstrated by the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo experiments, and using a high transition energy double beta decay nucleus, 100Mo, while building on CUORE to reach the sensitivity needed to explore the inverted hierarchy region.

What carries the argument

High-efficiency α/β discrimination in a large array of 100Mo-based scintillating bolometers.

If this is right

  • CUPID will have sensitivity to the inverted hierarchy region of neutrino masses.
  • Backgrounds will be low enough to allow a potential discovery of 0νββ decay.
  • The technology will be demonstrated at tonne scale by reusing CUORE infrastructure.
  • Projected sensitivities follow directly from performance shown in CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Successful scaling could inform designs for searches targeting the normal hierarchy with the same approach.
  • The detector might also enable high-precision studies of two-neutrino double beta decay or other rare processes.
  • Infrastructure reuse lowers barriers compared to building entirely new facilities.

Load-bearing premise

The α/β discrimination performance and background levels achieved in smaller experiments can be maintained or improved when scaled to a full tonne-scale array without introducing new dominant backgrounds.

What would settle it

A measurement of the background rate in the region of interest for a large prototype array that exceeds the target level needed for the projected sensitivity by more than a factor of a few.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1907.09376 by The CUPID Interest Group.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: CUPID sensitivity curves as a function of the experiment livetime. The red curves correspond [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: The effective Majorana mass mββ as a function of the lightest neutrino mass provides the parame￾ter space typically used to compare 0νββ decay experiments. The ex￾perimental state-of-the art and the goal of next-generation experi￾ments are shown on the left. The final sensi￾tivity of CUORE and the projected sensitiv￾ity of CUPID baseline are also reported. induced one. However, superb detection technologie… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Left: the main elements of a scintillating bolometer consist of two phonon sensors. The heat [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: Left: schematic view of the CUPID single module according to the baseline design. Right: photo of a CUPID-0 scintillating bolometer, prefiguring the CUPID single-module structure. The reflective foil sur￾rounding the crystal is visible. In the rest of this section, we describe the results achieved in CUPID-Mo and its preparation mea￾surements. CUPID-Mo is placed in the context of the LUMINEU project [17, 2… view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Left: the CUORE cryostat with the different thermal stages, the vacuum chambers, the cooling [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: Rendering of the cryostat the supporting ele￾ments. The zoom shows the details of the detector and lead suspension systems. The connection between the TSP and the Y-beam is made by means of the detector suspension system. This, as well as the top lead suspension system, consists of three composite bars (see [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p015_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Base tempera￾ture stability over a thirty days period during the initial phase of the CUORE data taking. The MC tempera￾ture is 15.06 ± 0.10 mK. The dashed line indicates the av￾erage value. The gap on day 6 is due to hardware oper￾ations on the cryogenic sys￾tem. 3.3.5 CUORE cooldown The CUORE cryostat is a very complex and, despite the large masses involved, a very delicate machine. Custom design and con… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Helium circulation inside CUORE/ cryostat. Cold [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Fast Cooling System operational parameter constrains. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_11.png] view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: Left Panel – Comparison of the FCS performances on the 10 mK plate between Run 4 and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p019_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: Left Panel – CUPID Cryogenic Monitor and Control System Hardware/Software Interface. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p020_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Map of the CUORE cleanroom. It is a class 1000 cleanroom with approximately 100 m [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p021_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Front view of the CUORE semi-automatic glu￾ing tool, with the robotic arm for crystal handling, the crystal and sensor staging, the two z-positioners (host￾ing a crystal each), and the robotic arm for the glue de￾position [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 16
Figure 16. Figure 16: Left: A CUORE tower under construction into the Mech Box. Right: People working at the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p023_16.png] view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Left: bonding of a CUORE tower. Right: a CUPID-0 light detector pre-assembled in its 3D [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p024_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Left: tower cabling. Right: CUORE towers inside their LN [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_18.png] view at source ↗
Figure 19
Figure 19. Figure 19: Installation of the CUORE towers. The top part of the plastic radon bag is visible around [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p025_19.png] view at source ↗
Figure 20
Figure 20. Figure 20: Left: photo of a prototype of the new anti-aliasing filter with integrated DAQ. Right: transfer [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p027_20.png] view at source ↗
Figure 21
Figure 21. Figure 21: Series input noise of the new pre-amplifier in the low series noise and high power configuration. circuitry. Furthermore, we intend to consider different preamplifiers for light and thermal channels, characterized by a different level of series input noise and inversely proportional to their operating current. When operated at about 150 mW, the preamplifiers show an input series noise below 1.4 nV/√ Hz, (… view at source ↗
Figure 22
Figure 22. Figure 22: Left – Energy spectrum of CUPID-Mo towers for 2.7 kg [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p029_22.png] view at source ↗
Figure 23
Figure 23. Figure 23: Left – Energy spectra of X-rays accumulated by 44.5 mm diameter Ge light detectors in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_23.png] view at source ↗
Figure 24
Figure 24. Figure 24: Left: 3D view of the CUORE apparatus and geometry implemented in Monte Carlo simula [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p030_24.png] view at source ↗
Figure 25
Figure 25. Figure 25: Scheme of the furnace for crystal growth with thelow thermal gradi￾ent Czochralski technique. – larger parts of the crystals after the first crystallization; – scraps of the second crystallization crystals after the cuts to produce the scintillation elements (see Sec. 4.5). The scraps are etched by ultra-pure water to a ≥ 10 µm thick remove surface layer. Tens of Li2MoO4 and Li2 100MoO4 crystals have been… view at source ↗
Figure 26
Figure 26. Figure 26: Li2 100MoO4 crystal produced for the CUPID-Mo pilot experiment. The final polishing is carried out using radiopure silicon oxide abrasive powder and vacuum oil. Polishing is carried out on synthetic fabric. A layer of several tens of micrometers is removed. Losses at this stage are almost negligible. Nevertheless, even in this case residuals could be collected for the recovery of enriched Mo. An example o… view at source ↗
Figure 27
Figure 27. Figure 27: Performance of a Ge-LD tested at LNGS in the framework of the CUPID R&D program [ [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_27.png] view at source ↗
Figure 28
Figure 28. Figure 28: Left – picture of a NL-NTD base germanium light detector. The absorber is realized with [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p041_28.png] view at source ↗
Figure 29
Figure 29. Figure 29: Left – timing resolution of an IrPt sensor at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p042_29.png] view at source ↗
Figure 30
Figure 30. Figure 30: Left: histograms of pulse heights in the phase readout for light signals of different energies. [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p043_30.png] view at source ↗
Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p044_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 33
Figure 33. Figure 33: Left – CUORE TSP plate cleaned with the chemical high protocol. Middle – CUORE tiles [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p047_33.png] view at source ↗
Figure 34
Figure 34. Figure 34: Schematic view of the BiPo detection principle with plastic scintillators and the time signals [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p049_34.png] view at source ↗
Figure 35
Figure 35. Figure 35: Decay scheme of 208Tl (left) and 214Bi (right). Both of these isotopes decay with the emission of high energy βs. The CUPID detector will offer several passive and active technologies to reduce the background in the region of interest. Passive techniques involve the use of copper and lead shields. It also includes the selection, cleaning, and storage of all the materials involved in the detector construct… view at source ↗
Figure 36
Figure 36. Figure 36: Light yield reported as a function of the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p051_36.png] view at source ↗
Figure 37
Figure 37. Figure 37: CUORE back￾ground reconstruction. The detectors are divided in two groups: detectors in the very core of the array (top panel) and detectors in an outer layer (bottom panel) with a “thickness” of about two crystals. 7.2 Background in CUORE and CUPID-0 Both the CUORE and CUPID-0 experiments have developed a background model (BM) able to describe their measured spectra in terms of 1) radioactive contaminati… view at source ↗
Figure 38
Figure 38. Figure 38: CUPID-0 back￾ground reconstruction. In the top panel, the spectrum of β/γ events. In the bot￾tom panel, the spectrum of α events [121]. 54 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p054_38.png] view at source ↗
Figure 39
Figure 39. Figure 39: CUORE experimental data (filled histogram) and BM reconstructed contributions. Left – the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p055_39.png] view at source ↗
Figure 40
Figure 40. Figure 40: Breakdown of the β/γ count rate in the 100Mo 0νββ region for CUORE (left) and for CUPID-0 (right). The main contributions identified by the respective BMs are shown. The integration region is 3000-3200 keV for CUORE and 2800-3200 keV for CUPID-0. In the case of CUPID-0, the 2νββ 82Se contribution is not included in crystal contribution. A time-veto cut is applied both to data and to simulations in order t… view at source ↗
Figure 41
Figure 41. Figure 41: CUPID-0 BM reconstruction of the α and the β/γ components before (left panel) and after (right panel) the delayed coincidence cut. Figures reprinted from [121]. Energy [keV] 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 yr)] ⋅ kg ⋅ [counts/(keV −4 10 −3 10 −2 10 −1 10 1 10 Data (β/γ ) - 9.95 kg × y BkgModel - Cryostat (β/γ ) BkgModel - Muons Energy [keV] 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 yr)] ⋅ … view at source ↗
Figure 42
Figure 42. Figure 42: CUPID-0 experimental data (filled histogram) after [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p056_42.png] view at source ↗
Figure 43
Figure 43. Figure 43: Energy spectrum of α events in the Li2MoO4 scintillating bolometers. We implemented this detector geometry in the CUORE Geant4 simulation package, as shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p057_43.png] view at source ↗
Figure 44
Figure 44. Figure 44: Geometry of the CUPID detector array with cylindrical crystals implemented in the CUORE Geant4 simulation software [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p058_44.png] view at source ↗
Figure 45
Figure 45. Figure 45: Breakdown of the CUPID β/γ counting rate predicted by the BM in the 100Mo ROI. Here, the base￾line configuration is consid￾ered. As discussed in the text, the substitution of the reflective foil with a reflective coating on Li2MoO4 crys￾tals would dramatically re￾duce both the U and Th con￾tributions of crystals (here dominated by surface con￾taminants) and that of the reflector itself. 58 [PITH_FULL_IMA… view at source ↗
Figure 46
Figure 46. Figure 46: Left – Discovery sensitivity on the 0νββ decay half-life for an energy resolution of 5 keV FWHM and different background levels. Right – Discovery sensitivity for a BI of 10−4 counts/(keV·kg·yr) and different energy resolutions. The 0νββ decay can be induced by several mechanisms [141], with the following relation between T 0ν 1/2 and the parameter describing the new physics, |f|: 1 T 0ν 1/2 = G0νg 4 AM2 … view at source ↗
Figure 47
Figure 47. Figure 47: Discovery sensitivity for a selected set of next-generation ton-scale experiments. The grey [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p064_47.png] view at source ↗
Figure 48
Figure 48. Figure 48: Sensitivity to 0νββ mediated by a single heavy neutrino exchange. The red line corresponds to a CUPID sensitivity of 1028 yr, the black is for the currently exclusion limit set by GERDA on 76Ge [20]. 9.2 Exotic processes Although 0νββ is the main objective of CUPID, other processes are open to experimental investigation. The anticipated low background rate promises competitive sensitivities for many of th… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

CUPID is a proposed future tonne-scale bolometric neutrinoless double beta decay ($0\nu\beta\beta$) experiment to probe the Majorana nature of neutrinos and discover Lepton Number Violation in the so-called inverted hierarchy region of the neutrino mass. CUPID will be built on experience, expertise and lessons learned in CUORE, and will exploit the current CUORE infrastructure as much as possible. In order to achieve its ambitious science goals, CUPID aims to dramatically reduce the backgrounds in the region of interest introducing a high efficiently $\alpha$/$\beta$ discrimination techniques, also demonstrated by the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo experiments, and using a high transition energy double beta decay nucleus, $^{100}$Mo. This document describe the main concepts related with the design of the CUPID experiment and indicates the projected sensitivities and the global scientific goal of the experiment.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript is the pre-CDR for CUPID, a proposed ~1-tonne bolometric 0νββ experiment using 100Mo that reuses CUORE infrastructure. It claims that α/β discrimination techniques already demonstrated in the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo demonstrators, combined with the high Q-value of 100Mo, will reduce backgrounds in the ROI sufficiently to reach the inverted-hierarchy region of neutrino mass.

Significance. If the background index and discrimination efficiency can be maintained at tonne scale, CUPID would deliver one of the most sensitive 0νββ searches and could discover lepton-number violation; the document correctly credits the prior demonstrators for the key enabling technology.

major comments (2)
  1. [projected sensitivities section] The sensitivity projections (abstract and the section on projected sensitivities) adopt the background rate after discrimination and the α/β efficiency directly from CUPID-0/CUPID-Mo without any Monte-Carlo study or scaling analysis of new surface, wiring, or cryogenic backgrounds that scale with detector mass and channel count; this extrapolation is load-bearing for the central claim.
  2. [design concepts and background model] No quantitative validation is supplied that the high-efficiency α/β discrimination demonstrated on the smaller arrays remains parameter-free or efficiency-preserving when the array size increases by more than an order of magnitude; the free parameters listed in the design (background rate and discrimination efficiency) therefore remain untested at the target scale.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: 'high efficiently α/β discrimination' should read 'high-efficiency α/β discrimination'.
  2. [Abstract] Abstract: 'This document describe' should read 'This document describes'.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough review of the CUPID pre-CDR manuscript. We appreciate the recognition of the significance of the project and the enabling technology from the demonstrators. Below we address the major comments point by point.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [projected sensitivities section] The sensitivity projections (abstract and the section on projected sensitivities) adopt the background rate after discrimination and the α/β efficiency directly from CUPID-0/CUPID-Mo without any Monte-Carlo study or scaling analysis of new surface, wiring, or cryogenic backgrounds that scale with detector mass and channel count; this extrapolation is load-bearing for the central claim.

    Authors: We agree that the sensitivity projections are based on the performance achieved in the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo demonstrators. A comprehensive Monte Carlo analysis of all potential scaling backgrounds is indeed an important step for the full CDR. For this pre-CDR, the projections are intended to illustrate the potential reach assuming the demonstrated performance can be maintained through careful design choices informed by CUORE experience. In the revised version, we will add a dedicated subsection discussing the assumptions underlying the background model and the planned R&D to validate scaling. revision: partial

  2. Referee: [design concepts and background model] No quantitative validation is supplied that the high-efficiency α/β discrimination demonstrated on the smaller arrays remains parameter-free or efficiency-preserving when the array size increases by more than an order of magnitude; the free parameters listed in the design (background rate and discrimination efficiency) therefore remain untested at the target scale.

    Authors: The discrimination technique relies on the light yield and pulse shape differences, which are intrinsic to the detector material and geometry, and have been shown to work consistently across the demonstrators. While we do not provide a quantitative scaling study in this document, the design maintains similar detector dimensions and operating conditions. We will revise the text to explicitly state that the quoted efficiencies are targets based on current results and that further validation at larger scale is part of the ongoing R&D program. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: projections rely on external experimental results

full rationale

The document is a pre-CDR presenting design concepts and sensitivity projections that reference demonstrated α/β discrimination performance from the separate CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo experiments. No equations, fits, or derivations within the paper reduce a claimed prediction or result to its own inputs by construction. Prior results are treated as independent inputs rather than self-generated. Scaling assumptions represent a correctness risk but do not constitute circularity under the defined patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

2 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The proposal rests on the untested scalability of discrimination techniques and background models from smaller prototypes; no independent evidence for tonne-scale performance is provided in the abstract.

free parameters (2)
  • background rate in ROI after discrimination
    Projected to enable background-free operation; value implicitly fitted from CUPID-0/Mo data and assumed to hold at scale.
  • α/β discrimination efficiency
    High efficiency claimed based on prior demonstrations; exact value and scaling behavior treated as input rather than derived.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption α/β discrimination demonstrated at small scale can be scaled without performance degradation
    Invoked to justify background reduction at tonne scale; location in abstract: 'introducing a high efficiency α/β discrimination techniques, also demonstrated by the CUPID-0 and CUPID-Mo experiments'
  • domain assumption 100Mo provides sufficient Q-value and isotopic abundance for the target sensitivity
    Standard in the field but treated as given for the design choice.

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Forward citations

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