{"as_of":"2026-08-08T09:55:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:8103826864175b0daa82bfa309db1fd21d313f9a1cdcbbec303a6b7da29f0d72","coverage":[{"denominator":0,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":11,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":11,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":11,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":11,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:35:41.839062Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"arxiv_reference","source_observed_at":"2026-05-24T12:34:28.381385Z","state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.12938 , year=","venue":null,"work_id":"a1a62aed-5fbe-493d-be84-9107ad668640","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2202.07646","last_updated":"2023-03-06T06:28:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-03T19:51:05.627063Z","submitted_at":"2022-02-15T18:48:31Z","title":"Quantifying Memorization Across Neural Language Models","version":3},"reference_index":19,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-13T22:04:59.678438Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2202.07646"},"observation_digest":"sha256:237d7ca94fbb57d2edd127176b2169389af6e5225c26030a0ee2ad936778d019","observation_id":"6c0081cb-242d-44e4-b1d6-1f7349d8b73b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-13T22:04:59.712778Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.12938 , year=","venue":null,"work_id":"a1a62aed-5fbe-493d-be84-9107ad668640","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2204.06745","last_updated":"2022-04-14T04:00:27Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T13:00:12.148951Z","submitted_at":"2022-04-14T04:00:27Z","title":"GPT-NeoX-20B: An Open-Source Autoregressive Language Model","version":1},"reference_index":108,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-05-24T12:33:37.701655Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2204.06745"},"observation_digest":"sha256:ea3a63232c99dc77ddeda6556ed2ef6a09662c7fef846fdee645ace944b8475f","observation_id":"01e34e5b-9c4a-4877-85a6-9f29c316771b","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-24T12:34:28.384373Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.12938 , year=","venue":null,"work_id":"a1a62aed-5fbe-493d-be84-9107ad668640","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.15717","last_updated":"2023-05-25T05:00:12Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-25T05:00:12Z","title":"The False Promise of Imitating Proprietary LLMs","version":1},"reference_index":8,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-05-18T06:54:31.175090Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2305.15717"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0e71ceb7c847d4cd40662e5b4d2bb80c6e7d2a91342b50533e5765dcc8e417fa","observation_id":"94b1a3ca-d68c-404b-aa23-cd5c0bca44a4","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-18T06:54:31.405179Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.12938 , year=","venue":null,"work_id":"a1a62aed-5fbe-493d-be84-9107ad668640","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2308.05374","last_updated":"2024-03-21T00:21:14Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-02T17:09:20.540788Z","submitted_at":"2023-08-10T06:43:44Z","title":"Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignment","version":2},"reference_index":185,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-17T22:30:44.520703Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2308.05374"},"observation_digest":"sha256:09578b2239c54c4aeb76d13229615e79340c58de1efe722fcdce89643b1d81af","observation_id":"d081332f-29a7-4660-900d-35c56ddc7196","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-17T22:30:45.007237Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.12938 , year=","venue":null,"work_id":"a1a62aed-5fbe-493d-be84-9107ad668640","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2310.11511","last_updated":"2023-10-17T18:18:32Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2023-10-17T18:18:32Z","title":"Self-RAG: Learning to Retrieve, Generate, and Critique through Self-Reflection","version":1},"reference_index":65,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-05-12T14:15:10.907921Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2310.11511"},"observation_digest":"sha256:e14c6822186678dc2d99cca2f763d4446f330c08d2514f023ce9035a77318c5e","observation_id":"f89a5ebb-8540-4c51-ae06-7d29ed8681f1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-12T14:15:11.380146Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.12938 , year=","venue":null,"work_id":"a1a62aed-5fbe-493d-be84-9107ad668640","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2310.16789","last_updated":"2024-03-09T22:26:06Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T16:38:29.188225Z","submitted_at":"2023-10-25T17:21:23Z","title":"Detecting Pretraining Data from Large Language Models","version":3},"reference_index":119,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-05-17T18:07:24.533329Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2310.16789"},"observation_digest":"sha256:684dd33e7b6b197702c2834697416ce602116fd3c339f1ce8135ad41fec17b25","observation_id":"d3ee120b-48fd-47c5-922f-59b5ed9d19e2","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-17T18:07:24.704245Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-06-05T21:23:00.469572Z","title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.12938 , year=","venue":null,"work_id":"a1a62aed-5fbe-493d-be84-9107ad668640","year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2501.02407","last_updated":"2026-05-20T14:04:13Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T02:11:23.670680Z","submitted_at":"2025-01-05T00:03:18Z","title":"Towards the Anonymization of the Language Modeling","version":3},"reference_index":67,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-23T06:28:16.975305Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2501.02407"},"observation_digest":"sha256:63f837d09dd14e3ee8f5fac009b2a24ae3e6703f4ae2668ee31d45b61ff8885c","observation_id":"164ba392-b745-47d0-aee5-60c45d66405c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-23T06:32:39.509168Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:35:41.839062Z","title":"Counterfactual memorization in neural language models, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.24832","last_updated":"2025-06-18T15:27:03Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T09:16:38.722740Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-30T17:34:03Z","title":"How much do language models memorize?","version":3},"reference_index":57,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:35:41.839062Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2505.24832"},"observation_digest":"sha256:8e263909f53232c3e06652198a3f76cc536e72537c4847b74c687d834ace84d0","observation_id":"170079c8-360d-45da-9b2c-696ee76c5843","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:35:41.839062Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T15:54:30.920640Z","title":"Counterfactual memorization in neural language models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2021},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2507.14777","last_updated":"2025-07-20T00:33:19Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T15:45:37.558605Z","submitted_at":"2025-07-20T00:33:19Z","title":"Rethinking Memorization Measures and their Implications in Large Language Models","version":1},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-06T15:54:30.920640Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2507.14777"},"observation_digest":"sha256:0b4f81374a4c98197fb164232a0d57ac115cbf61ad369bb805ba7694cf9cb3f9","observation_id":"d1e79c42-62da-413e-b5b3-759e0e1d3272","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-06T15:54:30.920640Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-05T20:31:44.063932Z","title":"Counterfactual memorization in neural language models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2508.10404","last_updated":"2025-08-14T07:12:44Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T02:31:17.622343Z","submitted_at":"2025-08-14T07:12:44Z","title":"Layer-Wise Perturbations via Sparse Autoencoders for Adversarial Text Generation","version":1},"reference_index":121,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-05T20:31:44.063932Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2508.10404"},"observation_digest":"sha256:683e7f2c6ed0790ad3ac4e156c101ab89211885df20d41c4b95a92df061d00d2","observation_id":"73579767-74a9-4481-b61b-f971bdb8ea24","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-05T20:31:44.063932Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models","version":2},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2112.12938","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-01T03:02:06.015905Z","title":"Counterfactual","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":null},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2607.25271","last_updated":"2026-07-28T04:18:49Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T08:44:07.330246Z","submitted_at":"2026-07-28T04:18:49Z","title":"Bridging Compute- and Data-Optimal Pretraining","version":1},"reference_index":83,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-01T03:02:06.015905Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2112.12938","citing_paper":"/paper/2607.25271"},"observation_digest":"sha256:af8f457e7a33b5d0f9de6601b0443fd119e171f5532bbb4f6e7b028d453e8302","observation_id":"99629e59-914d-4967-80e9-b77e677a438d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-01T03:02:06.015905Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2112.12938/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2112.12938/integrity","json":"/paper/2112.12938/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2112.12938"},"outbound":[],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2112.12938","last_updated":"2023-10-13T22:16:41Z","latest_version":2,"primary_category":"cs.CL","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-04T07:54:45.222448Z","submitted_at":"2021-12-24T04:20:57Z","title":"Counterfactual Memorization in Neural Language Models"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":0,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":0,"verified_exact":0,"verified_fuzzy":0},"total_outbound_references":0},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:32:00.761636+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-08T06:31:55.24221+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 8 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 11 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2112.12938."}