{"as_of":"2026-08-09T16:52:00Z","caps":{"database_statements":6,"inbound":100,"outbound":100},"context_digest":"sha256:a04e2d2d466deba1054c5d29f75df1519308b05f3e3b37f90951aba2040b0cde","coverage":[{"denominator":0,"lane":"reference_resolution","note":"Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.","records_observed":0,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":null,"state":"measured"},{"denominator":12,"lane":"standing_notices","note":"One-hop event checks from named stored sources.","records_observed":12,"source":"scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache","source_observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","state":"measured"},{"denominator":12,"lane":"inbound_itemization","note":"Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.","records_observed":12,"source":"paper_references, paper_reference_links","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:00:58.974898Z","state":"measured"},{"denominator":1,"lane":"external_citation_measurements","note":"A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.","records_observed":0,"source":"arxiv_reference","source_observed_at":"2026-07-02T13:06:58.401000Z","state":"measured"}],"external_citation_measurements":[],"inbound":[{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:00:58.974898Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.17156","last_updated":"2025-05-22T13:04:34Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T22:54:35.008099Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-22T13:04:34Z","title":"PersonaBOT: Bringing Customer Personas to Life with LLMs and RAG","version":1},"reference_index":8,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:00:58.974898Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2505.17156"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d118b028902887b541af6e664741f23f0e01e41af6b0758f61224af4d6cd4ea3","observation_id":"d5049715-d623-481d-a875-fbf0ac4abe9a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T15:00:58.974898Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:25:32.633723Z","title":"Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models.arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18189, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2505.24539","last_updated":"2026-07-28T16:02:36Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T14:30:36.260777Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-30T12:46:44Z","title":"Localizing Persona Representations in LLMs","version":4},"reference_index":39,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:25:32.633723Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2505.24539"},"observation_digest":"sha256:d953d1108a79ce7e404c24ac471963f48a63cac9eb8351dff9e9340dd84d6f09","observation_id":"8efcda41-3755-4c15-a35f-42b714b0377c","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:25:32.633723Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:06:24.647157Z","title":"Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2007},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.00582","last_updated":"2025-07-28T12:59:13Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-09T14:32:26.673443Z","submitted_at":"2025-05-31T14:37:18Z","title":"Do Language Models Mirror Human Confidence? Exploring Psychological Insights to Address Overconfidence in LLMs","version":2},"reference_index":2023,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:06:24.647157Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.00582"},"observation_digest":"sha256:806b27e76415e6a0843430663afd5c344839375ba18ebe78ffa975529026d618","observation_id":"06431b09-7a13-4744-9d20-71ccf7319cb9","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T12:06:24.647157Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:07:20.724941Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Nat- ural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models,","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.11681","last_updated":"2025-06-17T15:59:13Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:29:53.844198Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-13T11:19:27Z","title":"A Hybrid Multi-Agent Prompting Approach for Simplifying Complex Sentences","version":2},"reference_index":14,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:07:20.724941Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.11681"},"observation_digest":"sha256:7a3a187d1589a218bc7c1b6f663cd87d53bf12288b561c4d6b597b09674443e8","observation_id":"ccf76b2d-4a6e-490b-acca-e0f70eeafdea","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-07T04:07:20.724941Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T21:56:01.735011Z","title":"Marked Personas : Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models , May 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2506.22968","last_updated":"2025-07-01T10:45:21Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T14:58:29.590563Z","submitted_at":"2025-06-28T17:59:17Z","title":"Against 'softmaxing' culture","version":2},"reference_index":7,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-08-06T21:56:01.735011Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2506.22968"},"observation_digest":"sha256:cdfc5728aa7041d760ae104bea34f48e04d98c1c36d1c7f67b4f59f8730c0738","observation_id":"dbab95df-f95b-424f-9b86-1b6b84b0373a","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-06T21:56:01.735011Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-03T04:43:41.232428Z","title":"Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models, 2023","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2602.04306","last_updated":"2026-06-18T06:47:05Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-08T02:52:47.498682Z","submitted_at":"2026-02-04T08:15:51Z","title":"DeFrame: Debiasing Large Language Models Against Framing Effects","version":2},"reference_index":10,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-03T04:43:41.232428Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2602.04306"},"observation_digest":"sha256:52a47238c136d52db2fd6a12b1c539d16aaacabc7779811dba527a865dd3b88c","observation_id":"b7d285a1-5bf7-444d-a844-56deb5ef5203","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-03T04:43:41.232428Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-02T13:06:58.401000Z","title":"Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models","venue":null,"work_id":"06b05a91-e5a6-499d-aa1c-b7506d024403","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2604.20131","last_updated":"2026-04-22T02:58:51Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T23:06:40.154278Z","submitted_at":"2026-04-22T02:58:51Z","title":"Whose Story Gets Told? Positionality and Bias in LLM Summaries of Life Narratives","version":1},"reference_index":289,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-05-10T01:00:41.543394Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2604.20131"},"observation_digest":"sha256:bd1682b34e2011fa7cb34e8de4d68d1b865c48dd2ed7407db5a837a8caf5edad","observation_id":"f6fca3e2-ec52-4ad2-a675-f13b37758ce3","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-10T01:04:50.342324Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-02T13:06:58.401000Z","title":"Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models","venue":null,"work_id":"06b05a91-e5a6-499d-aa1c-b7506d024403","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2605.06196","last_updated":"2026-05-07T13:08:19Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T23:18:41.400741Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-07T13:08:19Z","title":"The Granularity Axis: A Micro-to-Macro Latent Direction for Social Roles in Language Models","version":1},"reference_index":35,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-08T10:11:08.494758Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2605.06196"},"observation_digest":"sha256:58e7a15f7f4d3cc1b25a1ba0aa9fa03dfbbb62d2bede15d07a61b4c00aefd317","observation_id":"1c0f5171-5bb9-474f-9940-d67ac53f7d6d","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-11T20:11:08.923961Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-02T13:06:58.401000Z","title":"Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models","venue":null,"work_id":"06b05a91-e5a6-499d-aa1c-b7506d024403","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2605.07896","last_updated":"2026-05-08T15:40:18Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T23:20:11.042952Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-08T15:40:18Z","title":"What if AI systems weren't chatbots?","version":1},"reference_index":23,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-11T03:21:58.498789Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2605.07896"},"observation_digest":"sha256:4403dfaefa77e7ff42574845d50c686ed88c12409644207ed80b907a57294d1e","observation_id":"eab3f0ba-9f47-4718-9430-84f356fdb670","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-11T03:25:57.708444Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-02T13:06:58.401000Z","title":"Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models","venue":null,"work_id":"06b05a91-e5a6-499d-aa1c-b7506d024403","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2605.15217","last_updated":"2026-05-12T12:14:58Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T23:26:32.979566Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-12T12:14:58Z","title":"Fair outputs, Biased Internals: Causal Potency and Asymmetry of Latent Bias in LLMs for High-Stakes Decisions","version":1},"reference_index":4,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-05-19T17:49:23.813903Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2605.15217"},"observation_digest":"sha256:038f4abd57236860cdd37f3d0645ddbc39b57ea54218204c8e7f26cdbe70fa3b","observation_id":"44ab4ceb-a51f-427c-9ccf-44f087f4bca1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-05-19T17:52:42.873115Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"verified_exact"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","doi":null,"metadata_source":"arxiv_reference","pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-02T13:06:58.401000Z","title":"Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models","venue":null,"work_id":"06b05a91-e5a6-499d-aa1c-b7506d024403","year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2607.00937","last_updated":"2026-07-01T13:40:25Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T01:17:44.474757Z","submitted_at":"2026-07-01T13:40:25Z","title":"Persona Non Grata: LLM Persona-Driven Generations in MCQA are Unstable in Distinct Dimensions","version":1},"reference_index":17,"source":"arxiv_source","source_observed_at":"2026-07-02T13:06:28.163476Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2607.00937"},"observation_digest":"sha256:5b812ebd862bb1b5ce59657fc5d1a47a63e704d14f7cebb4d9f23125e01438c3","observation_id":"0846cc52-d050-455e-88d7-f5ad6c6ddea1","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-07-02T13:06:58.402549Z","resolver_source":"arxiv_id","status":"metadata_mismatch"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"observation":"No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00.","reason":null,"source_receipts":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"state":"measured"}},{"citation":{"cited_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models","version":1},"cited_work":{"arxiv_id":null,"doi":null,"metadata_source":null,"pith_arxiv_id":"2305.18189","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-02T14:33:30.866004Z","title":"Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models","venue":null,"work_id":null,"year":2023},"citing_paper":{"arxiv_id":"2607.20429","last_updated":"2026-05-10T00:52:25Z","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-08-06T21:27:35.979744Z","submitted_at":"2026-05-10T00:52:25Z","title":"More Is Not More: What Matters for Diversity in LLM Opinions?","version":1},"reference_index":9,"source":"pdf_text","source_observed_at":"2026-08-02T14:33:30.866004Z"},"links":{"cited_paper":"/paper/2305.18189","citing_paper":"/paper/2607.20429"},"observation_digest":"sha256:38016cdf75cbf5d65b0162042260b09c17586d94e7eafe4e801e43d965fd765b","observation_id":"502e641c-6490-4521-99b7-76640b9e4470","resolution":{"observed_at":"2026-08-02T14:33:30.866004Z","resolver_source":null,"status":"unresolved"},"standing_notice":{"events":[],"reason":"canonical_work_link_unavailable","source_receipts":[],"state":"unavailable"}}],"links":{"evidence":"/evidence","html":"/paper/2305.18189/citation-record","integrity":"/paper/2305.18189/integrity","json":"/paper/2305.18189/citation-record.json","paper":"/paper/2305.18189"},"outbound":[],"paper":{"arxiv_id":"2305.18189","last_updated":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","latest_version":1,"primary_category":"cs.CL","snapshot_observed_at":"2026-07-06T15:34:47.996817Z","submitted_at":"2023-05-29T16:29:22Z","title":"Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models"},"reference_resolution":{"displayed":0,"state_counts":{"malformed_identifier":0,"metadata_mismatch":0,"parse_uncertain":0,"unresolved":0,"verified_exact":0,"verified_fuzzy":0},"total_outbound_references":0},"refusal":"A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.","schema":"pith.paper-citation-record.v1","standing_sources":[{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:31:02.800959+00:00","source":"crossref"},{"observed_at":"2026-08-09T06:30:57.326959+00:00","source":"retraction_watch"}],"thesis":"As of 9 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 0 of 0 outbound references and 12 inbound Pith citation observations for arXiv:2305.18189."}