pith. sign in

arxiv: 2407.14704 · v4 · submitted 2024-07-19 · ✦ hep-ex · physics.ins-det

Reactor-based Search for Axion-Like Particles using CsI(Tl) Detector

S. Sahoo , S. Verma , M. Mirzakhani , N. Mishra , A. Thompson , S. Maludze , R. Mahapatra , M. Platt This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-23 22:40 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex physics.ins-det
keywords axion-like particlesCsI(Tl) detectorreactor experimentdark matter searchALP-photon couplingALP-electron couplinglow backgroundcosmological triangle
0
0 comments X

The pith

A 100 kg CsI(Tl) detector next to a reactor reaches sub-100 DRU background for ALP searches.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper shows that operating a roughly 100 kg CsI(Tl) scintillator detector close to a nuclear reactor, together with active veto and passive shielding, produces a background below 100 differential rate units in the MeV range. This background level opens sensitivity to axion-like particles across photon couplings of 10^{-6} and higher and electron couplings from 10^{-8} to 10^{-4} for masses between 1 keV and 10 MeV. A reader would care because the lack of WIMP signals has increased interest in ALPs as dark-matter candidates, and the reactor environment supplies a steady flux that can test regions of parameter space that remain unexplored.

Core claim

By placing a ~100 kg CsI(Tl) detector near a nuclear reactor and combining active veto with passive shielding to reach a sustained sub-100 DRU background in the MeV range, the experiment gains sensitivity to ALPs with axion-photon coupling g_aγγ ≳ 10^{-6} and axion-electron coupling 10^{-8} < g_aee < 10^{-4} for masses from 1 keV to 10 MeV, including the cosmological triangle in the ALP-photon plane.

What carries the argument

Active veto plus passive shielding that suppresses reactor-induced background to sub-100 DRU in the MeV window.

If this is right

  • The detector becomes sensitive to axion-photon couplings at or above 10^{-6}.
  • Axion-electron couplings become testable between 10^{-8} and 10^{-4}.
  • ALP masses from 1 keV to 10 MeV fall inside the reachable window.
  • The cosmological triangle region for MeV-scale ALPs enters the experimental reach.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the background target is met, the same reactor-plus-scintillator approach could be adapted to search for other light, feebly interacting particles.
  • The method supplies a controlled, high-flux source that complements existing solar and stellar ALP limits.
  • Reaching the stated background would justify scaling the detector mass or testing alternative scintillators to extend the mass range.

Load-bearing premise

The veto and shielding combination will actually deliver and hold a sustained sub-100 DRU background level when the detector runs next to the reactor.

What would settle it

An on-site measurement that records more than 100 DRU background rate in the MeV range during reactor operation would remove the claimed sensitivity.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2407.14704 by A. Thompson, M. Mirzakhani, M. Platt, N. Mishra, R. Mahapatra, S. Maludze, S. Sahoo, S. Verma.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic showing the experimental strategy for the production and [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Mechanisms for producing ALPs at the reactor facility. (a) repre [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Projected sensitivity for the axion-photon coupling for future up [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: Detector for the experiment. 25 CsI(Tl) crystals arranged in 5 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_6.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: (a) Calibration curve obtained with different radioactive sources using CsI(Tl) crystal showing linearity. (b) Percentage energy resolution (σ/E %) of CsI(Tl) using various radioactive sources [33]. shown in Fig. 7b, which follows the expected theoretical curve [33]. 3.3. Sources of backgrounds As we are dealing with a rare event search experiment, un￾derstanding the source of background radiation using th… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: HPGe spectrum of the CsI(Tl) sample and the background spectrum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: Schematic of the 3 × 3 prototype assembly of 9 CsI(Tl) crystals at￾tached to EMI Photomultiplier tubes all on the same side for the search of Ax￾ions/ALPs at the reactor. The detector is hermetically shielded with 4′′ of lead, 1/4 ′′ of copper and water bricks to reduce the background [33] [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_9.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: Schematic of the 3 × 3 prototype assembly of 9 CsI(Tl) crystals demonstrating the self-shielding or single scatter veto technique using the outer layer of CsI(Tl) for background reduction [33]. cut in all the plots mentioned in the paper. The anti-coincidence or single scatter cuts are implemented in offline analysis of data [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: Comparison of reactor-on and off data for the center detector in 3×3 setup with and without the anti-coincidence (single scatter) cut [33]. We then added an additional layer of fresh air purge (shown in Fig.12) to the shielding around the 3 × 3 prototype assem￾bly. The air-purge system is made of 3/16 inch acrylic material, covering all sides with small openings for wiring and venting fresh air at the bot… view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: Comparison plot of simulated results with experiment. The y-axis [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_14.png] view at source ↗
Figure 15
Figure 15. Figure 15: Different layers of the 5 × 5 CsI(Tl) setup consisting of 25 CsI(Tl) crystals attached to EMI photomultiplier tubes and voltage diving circuit bases. The setup is hermetically shielded with 4′′ of lead [33]. set-up to cool down the PMT which gets damaged due to the heating issue. The reactor on and off spectrum for the 5 × 5 CsI(Tl) setup is shown in [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p006_15.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: (Left) Reactor on and off comparison for the 3 × 3 setup without air purge. Excess at around 1.29 MeV in the reactor-on anti-coincidence can be seen due to 41Ar. (Right): Reactor on and off comparison for the 3 × 3 setup with air purge. 1.29 MeV gamma is reduced in this plot due to the air-purge system [33]. experiment was simulated using SNOLAB background gamma spectrum from three sources: Uranium, Thori… view at source ↗
Figure 17
Figure 17. Figure 17: Exclusion plot drawn with the current experimental results. Red [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_17.png] view at source ↗
Figure 18
Figure 18. Figure 18: Projected sensitivity of the axion-electron coupling for CsI(Tl) de [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_18.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

The absence of conclusive signals in weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) searches has motivated increased interest in alternative dark matter candidates such as axions and axion-like particles (ALPs), which also provide a solution to the strong CP problem. In this work, we employ a $\sim100~\mathrm{kg}$ scale CsI(Tl)-based detector operated in proximity to a nuclear reactor to achieve a sub-100 DRU (differential rate unit, expressed in counts/keV/kg/day) background level in the MeV energy range through a combination of active veto and passive shielding techniques. Such a low-background environment enables sensitivity to ALPs with axion--photon coupling $g_{a\gamma\gamma} \gtrsim 10^{-6}$ and axion--electron coupling in the range $10^{-8} < g_{aee} < 10^{-4}$ for ALP masses between 1~keV and 10~MeV. These results demonstrate that the experiment has the potential to probe previously unexplored regions of parameter space, including the so-called cosmological triangle in the ALP--photon coupling for MeV-scale ALPs.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes operating a ~100 kg CsI(Tl) detector near a nuclear reactor to search for axion-like particles (ALPs). It claims that active veto plus passive shielding achieves a sustained sub-100 DRU background in the MeV range, enabling sensitivity to ALP-photon couplings g_aγγ ≳ 10^{-6} and ALP-electron couplings 10^{-8} < g_aee < 10^{-4} for masses 1 keV–10 MeV, including the cosmological triangle region.

Significance. If the background projection is validated, the approach would offer a reactor-based probe of previously unexplored ALP parameter space at MeV scales, complementing existing limits from other experiments and addressing the strong-CP problem via alternative dark-matter candidates.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: The central sensitivity claim (g_aγγ ≳ 10^{-6}, 10^{-8} < g_aee < 10^{-4}) is presented as enabled by a sub-100 DRU background level that 'is achieved,' yet no measured spectra, reactor-proximate data, Monte Carlo details, veto efficiencies, shielding attenuation factors, or error budget are supplied. This renders the quoted couplings conditional on an unverified premise and prevents assessment of the projection's validity.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the detailed review and constructive comments. We agree that the current abstract wording is imprecise and will revise the manuscript to clarify that the sub-100 DRU background is a projection based on design simulations rather than measured data. Additional details on the Monte Carlo modeling will be incorporated to support the sensitivity claims.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: The central sensitivity claim (g_aγγ ≳ 10^{-6}, 10^{-8} < g_aee < 10^{-4}) is presented as enabled by a sub-100 DRU background level that 'is achieved,' yet no measured spectra, reactor-proximate data, Monte Carlo details, veto efficiencies, shielding attenuation factors, or error budget are supplied. This renders the quoted couplings conditional on an unverified premise and prevents assessment of the projection's validity.

    Authors: We acknowledge that the phrasing 'is achieved' in the abstract is misleading and implies existing measured performance rather than a design projection. The quoted background level is derived from Monte Carlo simulations of the CsI(Tl) detector, active veto system, and passive shielding in the reactor environment; no reactor-proximate data are presented because this is a sensitivity study for a proposed setup. We will revise the abstract to read 'projected to achieve a sub-100 DRU background level' and add a dedicated section (or appendix) describing the Monte Carlo framework, veto efficiencies, shielding attenuation factors, and associated uncertainties. This revision will make the conditional nature of the sensitivity explicit and allow independent assessment of the projections. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental description with no derivations or self-referential reductions

full rationale

The paper is an experimental proposal describing a CsI(Tl) detector setup near a reactor to reach sub-100 DRU background via veto and shielding, then stating the resulting ALP sensitivity reach. No equations, parameter fits, predictions derived from inputs, or self-citations appear in the abstract or described content. The sensitivity claim is conditional on the background level being achieved but does not reduce to any prior result within the paper by construction. This is a standard non-circular experimental design paper.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central sensitivity claim rests on the unverified experimental assumption that sub-100 DRU background is achievable; no free parameters, additional axioms, or invented entities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption Active veto plus passive shielding will produce a sustained background below 100 DRU in the MeV range next to a reactor
    Stated directly in the abstract as the enabling condition for the quoted sensitivities.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5765 in / 1289 out tokens · 24428 ms · 2026-05-23T22:40:46.104748+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

47 extracted references · 47 canonical work pages · 9 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    J. B. Dent, B. Dutta, D. Kim, S. Liao, R. Mahapatra, K. Sinha, A. Thomp- son, New directions for axion searches via scattering at reactor neutrino experiments, Physical Review Letters 124 (21) (2020) 211804

    work page 2020

  2. [2]

    Zwicky, Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln, Helv

    F. Zwicky, Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln, Helv. Phys. Acta 6 (1933) 110–127. doi:10.1007/s10714-008-0707-4

    work page doi:10.1007/s10714-008-0707-4 1933

  3. [3]

    Zwicky, 107

    F. Zwicky, 107. On the Masses of Nebulae and of Clusters of Nebu- lae, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and London, England, 1979, pp. 729–737 [cited 2024-05-27]. doi:doi:10.4159/harvard. 9780674366688.c115. URL https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674366688.c115

    work page doi:10.4159/harvard 1979

  4. [4]

    V . C. Rubin, J. W. K. Ford, Rotation of the andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions, Astrophys. J. 159 (1970) 379– 403

    work page 1970

  5. [5]

    Alcock, C

    C. Alcock, C. W. Akerlof, R. Allsman, T. Axelrod, D. Bennett, S. Chan, K. Cook, K. C. Freeman, K. Griest, S. L. Marshall, et al., Possible gravitational microlensing of a star in the large magellanic cloud, nature 365 (6447) (1993) 621–623

    work page 1993

  6. [6]

    Zioutas, C

    K. Zioutas, C. Aalseth, D. Abriola, F. Avignone Iii, R. Brodzinski, J. Col- lar, R. Creswick, D. Di Gregorio, H. Farach, A. Gattone, et al., A decom- missioned lhc model magnet as an axion telescope, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrome- ters, Detectors and Associated Equipment 425 (3) (1999) 480–487

    work page 1999

  7. [7]

    New CAST Limit on the Axion-Photon Interaction

    V . Anastassopoulos, S. Aune, K. Barth, A. Belov, G. Cantatore, J. Car- mona, J. Castel, S. Cetin, F. Christensen, J. Collar, et al., New cast limit on the axion-photon interaction, arXiv preprint arXiv:1705.02290 (2017)

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  8. [8]

    I. G. Irastorza, F. Avignone, A. Liolios, S. Russenschuck, H. t. Kate, K. van Bibber, T. Geralis, O. Limousin, J. Villar, H. Gomez, et al., The international axion observatory iaxo. letter of intent to the cern sps com- mittee, Tech. rep. (2013)

    work page 2013

  9. [9]

    Y . Kahn, B. R. Safdi, J. Thaler, Broadband and resonant approaches to ax- ion dark matter detection, Physical review letters 117 (14) (2016) 141801

    work page 2016

  10. [10]

    C. P. Salemi, First results from abracadabra-10cm: a search for low-mass axion dark matter, arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.06882 (2019)

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1905

  11. [11]

    Asztalos, E

    S. Asztalos, E. Daw, H. Peng, L. Rosenberg, C. Hagmann, D. Kinion, W. Stoeffl, K. van Bibber, P. Sikivie, N. Sullivan, et al., Large-scale mi- crowave cavity search for dark-matter axions, Physical Review D 64 (9) (2001) 092003

    work page 2001

  12. [12]

    N. Du, N. Force, R. Khatiwada, E. Lentz, R. Ottens, L. Rosenberg, G. Ry- bka, G. Carosi, N. Woollett, D. Bowring, et al., Search for invisible axion dark matter with the axion dark matter experiment, Physical review letters 120 (15) (2018) 151301

    work page 2018

  13. [13]

    Overview of the Cosmic Axion Spin Precession Experiment (CASPEr)

    D. Kimball, S. Afach, D. Aybas, J. Blanchard, D. Budker, G. Cen- ters, M. Engler, N. Figueroa, A. Garcon, P. Graham, et al., Overview of the cosmic axion spin precession experiment (casper), arXiv preprint arXiv:1711.08999 (2017)

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  14. [14]

    B. M. Brubaker, et al., First results from a microwave cavity axion search at 24 µeV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118 (6) (2017) 061302.arXiv:1610.02580, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061302

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.061302 2017

  15. [15]

    A. G. Droster, K. van Bibber, Haystac status, results, and plans, arXiv preprint arXiv:1901.01668 (2019). 7

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1901

  16. [16]

    ALPSII Status Report

    A. Spector, ALPSII Status Report, in: 14th Patras Workshop on Axions, WIMPs and WISPs, 2019. arXiv:1906.09011

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  17. [17]

    A. C. Melissinos, Search for cosmic axions using an optical interferome- ter, arXiv preprint arXiv:0807.1092 (2008)

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

  18. [18]

    DeRocco, A

    W. DeRocco, A. Hook, Axion interferometry, Physical Review D 98 (3) (2018) 035021

    work page 2018

  19. [19]

    H. Liu, B. D. Elwood, M. Evans, J. Thaler, Searching for axion dark mat- ter with birefringent cavities, Physical Review D 100 (2) (2019) 023548

    work page 2019

  20. [20]

    Obata, T

    I. Obata, T. Fujita, Y . Michimura, Optical ring cavity search for axion dark matter, Physical review letters 121 (16) (2018) 161301

    work page 2018

  21. [21]

    J. L. Feng, I. Galon, F. Kling, S. Trojanowski, Axionlike particles at faser: The lhc as a photon beam dump, Physical Review D 98 (5) (2018) 055021

    work page 2018

  22. [22]

    Berlin, N

    A. Berlin, N. Blinov, G. Krnjaic, P. Schuster, N. Toro, Dark matter, mil- licharges, axion and scalar particles, gauge bosons, and other new physics with ldmx, Physical Review D 99 (7) (2019) 075001

    work page 2019

  23. [23]

    Light Dark Matter eXperiment (LDMX)

    T. Åkesson, A. Berlin, N. Blinov, O. Colegrove, G. Collura, V . Dutta, B. Echenard, J. Hiltbrand, D. G. Hitlin, J. Incandela, et al., Light dark matter experiment (ldmx), arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.05219 (2018)

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  24. [24]

    V olpe, Search for exotic decays at na62, arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.10429 (2019)

    R. V olpe, Search for exotic decays at na62, arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.10429 (2019)

    work page arXiv 1910

  25. [25]

    Berlin, S

    A. Berlin, S. Gori, P. Schuster, N. Toro, Dark sectors at the fermilab seaquest experiment, Physical Review D 98 (3) (2018) 035011

    work page 2018

  26. [26]

    Alekhin, W

    S. Alekhin, W. Altmannshofer, T. Asaka, B. Batell, F. Bezrukov, K. Bon- darenko, A. Boyarsky, K.-Y . Choi, C. Corral, N. Craig, et al., A facility to search for hidden particles at the cern sps: the ship physics case, Reports on Progress in Physics 79 (12) (2016) 124201

    work page 2016

  27. [27]

    W. M. Bonivento, D. Kim, K. Sinha, Passat: particle accelerator helio- scopes for slim axion-like-particle detection, The European Physical Jour- nal C 80 (2) (2020) 164

    work page 2020

  28. [28]

    Aprile, J

    E. Aprile, J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. Amaro, V . C. Antochi, E. Angelino, J. Angevaare, F. Arneodo, et al., Excess elec- tronic recoil events in xenon1t, Physical Review D 102 (7) (2020) 072004

    work page 2020

  29. [29]

    J. B. Dent, B. Dutta, J. L. Newstead, A. Thompson, Inverse primako ff scattering as a probe of solar axions at liquid xenon direct detection ex- periments, Physical Review Letters 125 (13) (2020) 131805

    work page 2020

  30. [30]

    Aralis, T

    T. Aralis, T. Aramaki, I. J. Arnquist, E. Azadbakht, W. Baker, S. Banik, D. Barker, C. Bathurst, D. Bauer, L. Bezerra, et al., Constraints on dark photons and axionlike particles from the supercdms soudan experiment, Physical Review D 101 (5) (2020) 052008

    work page 2020

  31. [31]

    C. Fu, X. Zhou, X. Chen, Y . Chen, X. Cui, D. Fang, K. Giboni, F. Giuliani, K. Han, X. Huang, et al., Limits on axion couplings from the first 80 days of data of the pandax-ii experiment, Physical Review Letters 119 (18) (2017) 181806

    work page 2017

  32. [32]

    Background Studies for the MINER Coherent Neutrino Scattering Reactor Experiment

    M. Collaboration, G. Agnolet, W. Baker, D. Barker, R. Beck, T. J. Car- roll, J. Cesar, P. Cushman, J. B. Dent, S. D. Rijck, B. Dutta, W. Flana- gan, M. Fritts, Y . Gao, H. R. Harris, C. C. Hays, V . Iyer, A. Jastram, F. Kadribasic, A. Kennedy, A. Kubik, I. Ogawa, K. Lang, R. Mahapatra, V . Mandic, R. D. Martin, N. Mast, S. McDeavitt, N. Mirabolfathi, B. M...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  33. [33]

    S. D. Verma, Fabrication of cdms dark matter detector using bi-layer lift-offtechnique and detection of axions/axion like particles (alps) using csi(tl) scintillator detectors, Ph.D. thesis, Texas A-M (2022)

    work page 2022

  34. [34]

    Roos, Sources of gamma radiation in a reactor core, Journal of Nuclear Energy

    M. Roos, Sources of gamma radiation in a reactor core, Journal of Nuclear Energy. Part B. Reactor Technology 1 (2) (1959) 98–104

    work page 1959

  35. [35]

    D. A. Sierra, V . De Romeri, L. J. Flores, D. Papoulias, Axionlike particles searches in reactor experiments, Journal of High Energy Physics 2021 (3) (2021) 1–38

    work page 2021

  36. [36]

    Waites, A

    L. Waites, A. Thompson, A. Bungau, J. M. Conrad, B. Dutta, W.-C. Huang, D. Kim, M. Shaevitz, J. Spitz, Axionlike particle production at beam dump experiments with distinct nuclear excitation lines, Physical Review D 107 (9) (2023) 095010

    work page 2023

  37. [37]

    Heusser, Low-radioactivity background techniques, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 45 (2003) 543–590

    G. Heusser, Low-radioactivity background techniques, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 45 (2003) 543–590. doi:10.1146/ annurev.ns.45.120195.002551

    work page arXiv 2003

  38. [38]

    T. Kim, I. Cho, D. Choi, J. Choi, I. Hahn, M. Hwang, H. Jang, R. Jain, U. Kang, H. Kim, et al., Study of the internal background of csi (tℓ) crys- tal detectors for dark matter search, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 500 (1-3) (2003) 337–344

    work page 2003

  39. [39]

    J. B. Dent, B. Dutta, D. Kim, S. Liao, R. Mahapatra, K. Sinha, A. Thomp- son, New directions for axion searches via scattering at reactor neu- trino experiments, Physical Review Letters 124 (21) (5 2020). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.211804

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.124.211804 2020

  40. [40]

    J. W. Brockway, E. D. Carlson, G. G. Raffelt, Sn 1987a gamma-ray limits on the conversion of pseudoscalars, Physics Letters B 383 (4) (1996) 439–

    work page 1996

  41. [41]

    URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ 0370269396007782

    doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(96)00778-2 . URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ 0370269396007782

    work page doi:10.1016/0370-2693(96)00778-2

  42. [42]

    G. G. Ra ffelt, Astrophysical axion bounds diminished by screening ef- fects, Phys. Rev. D 33 (1986) 897–909. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.33. 897. URL https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.33.897

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.33 1986

  43. [43]

    G. G. Ra ffelt, D. S. P. Dearborn, Bounds on hadronic axions from stel- lar evolution, Phys. Rev. D 36 (1987) 2211–2225. doi:10.1103/ PhysRevD.36.2211. URL https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD.36.2211

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevd.36.2211 1987

  44. [44]

    Ayala, I

    A. Ayala, I. Dom ´ınguez, M. Giannotti, A. Mirizzi, O. Straniero, Revisiting the bound on axion-photon coupling from glob- ular clusters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (2014) 191302. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.191302. URL https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113. 191302

    work page doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.191302 2014

  45. [45]

    Carenza, O

    P. Carenza, O. Straniero, B. D ¨obrich, M. Giannotti, G. Lucente, A. Mi- rizzi, Constraints on the coupling with photons of heavy axion-like- particles from globular clusters, Physics Letters B 809 (2020) 135709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135709. URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0370269320305128

    work page doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135709 2020

  46. [46]

    Vecchiotti, F

    G. Lucente, P. Carenza, T. Fischer, M. Giannotti, A. Mirizzi, Heavy axion-like particles and core-collapse supernovae: constraints and im- pact on the explosion mechanism, Journal of Cosmology and Astropar- ticle Physics 2020 (12) (2020) 008–008. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/ 2020/12/008. URL https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/12/008

    work page doi:10.1088/1475-7516/ 2020

  47. [47]

    Aristizabal Sierra, V

    D. Aristizabal Sierra, V . De Romeri, L. J. Flores, D. K. Papoulias, Ax- ionlike particles searches in reactor experiments, JHEP 03 (2021) 294. arXiv:2010.15712, doi:10.1007/JHEP03(2021)294. 8

    work page doi:10.1007/jhep03(2021)294 2021