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arxiv: 2412.19952 · v2 · submitted 2024-12-27 · ✦ hep-ex

First evidence for mixing-induced CP violation in B⁰_s to J/psi\,φ(1020) decays in pp collisions at sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

CMS Collaboration This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-23 07:24 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ex
keywords CP violationB_s mixingflavor taggingangular analysisweak phaseJ/psi phi decayproton-proton collisions
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The pith

Measurement of the weak phase in B_s decays gives the first evidence for mixing-induced CP violation at 3.2 standard deviations.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper establishes the first evidence for mixing-induced CP violation in B^0_s to J/ψ φ(1020) decays by measuring a non-zero value for the weak phase φ_s. It achieves this through a novel machine-learning flavor-tagging algorithm applied to a large sample of decays from 13 TeV collisions, followed by a time- and flavor-dependent angular analysis of the μ+μ−K+K− final state. The combined result with earlier data shows a 3.2 standard deviation deviation from zero. A sympathetic reader would care because this opens a new channel to study how the standard model generates differences between matter and antimatter. All other extracted parameters match standard model expectations.

Core claim

The weak phase is measured to be φ_s = −73 ± 22 (stat) ± 10 (syst) mrad from 96.5 fb−1 of 13 TeV data. Combined with the √s = 8 TeV result, this gives φ_s = −75 ± 23 mrad. The value differs from zero by 3.2 standard deviations, providing the first evidence for mixing-induced CP violation in B^0_s → J/ψ φ(1020) decays. All measured physics parameters agree with standard model predictions where available.

What carries the argument

Machine-learning-based flavor-tagging algorithm combining same-side and opposite-side tagging, used in a time- and flavor-dependent angular analysis of the μ+μ−K+K− final state.

If this is right

  • The measured weak phase differs from zero at 3.2 standard deviations, establishing evidence for mixing-induced CP violation.
  • All other measured parameters of the B_s system agree with standard model predictions.
  • The analysis extracts the equivalent of 27,000 tagged decays from the 13 TeV dataset.
  • Combining the 13 TeV and 8 TeV results increases the significance of the deviation from zero.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Larger future datasets could shrink the uncertainty on φ_s enough to test for small deviations from standard model expectations.
  • The tagging method could be extended to other B_s decay channels to search for additional CP-violating effects.
  • Independent confirmation in a different experiment would strengthen the case that B_s mixing provides a distinct probe of CP violation.

Load-bearing premise

The machine-learning flavor-tagging algorithm, when combined with the time- and flavor-dependent angular analysis, extracts unbiased values for φ_s and related parameters without significant contamination from mistagging or background modeling errors.

What would settle it

An independent measurement of the same decay using a different tagging method that finds φ_s consistent with zero within less than 2 standard deviations would falsify the evidence claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2412.19952 by CMS Collaboration.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Left: Definition of the three decay angles [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Distributions of the proper decay time ct, its uncertainty σct, and mistag probability ωtag of the selected candidates for the ST trigger category (2018 data). The projections of the fitted model are also shown. These calibrated DNNs act as probability estimators for the tagging inference. When an OS and the SS algorithm both provide tagging inferences, ξtag and ωtag are recalculated by combining the avail… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Angular observables distributions of the selected candidates and fit projection for the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: The two-dimensional 68% CL contours in the [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_4.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

A novel machine-learning-based flavor-tagging algorithm combining same-side and opposite-side tagging is used to obtain the equivalent of 27$\,$000 tagged B$^0_\mathrm{s}$ $\to$ J/$\psi\, \phi$(1020) decays from pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ $=$ 13 TeV, collected by the CMS experiment and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 96.5 fb$^{-1}$. A time- and flavor-dependent angular analysis of the $\mu^+\mu^-$K$^+$K$^-$ final state, consistent with a $\phi$(1020) $\to$ K$^+$K$^-$ decay, is used to measure parameters of the $\mathrm{B}^0_\mathrm{s}-\overline{\mathrm{B}}^0_\mathrm{s}$ system. The weak phase is measured to be $\phi_\mathrm{s}$ = $-$73 $\pm$ 22 (stat) $\pm$ 10 (syst) mrad, which, combined with the $\sqrt{s}$ $=$ 8 TeV CMS result, gives $\phi_\mathrm{s}$ = $-$75 $\pm$ 23 mrad. This value differs from zero by 3.2 standard deviations, providing the first evidence for mixing-induced $CP$ violation in B$^0_\mathrm{s}$ $\to$ J/$\psi\,\phi$(1020) decays. All measured physics parameters are found to agree with standard model predictions where available.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript presents a measurement of the CP-violating phase φ_s in B^0_s → J/ψ φ(1020) decays using 96.5 fb^{-1} of 13 TeV pp collision data collected by CMS. A novel machine-learning-based flavor-tagging algorithm combining same-side and opposite-side tagging is used to obtain the equivalent of 27,000 tagged decays. A time- and flavor-dependent angular analysis yields φ_s = −73 ± 22 (stat) ± 10 (syst) mrad. Combined with the prior √s = 8 TeV CMS result, this gives φ_s = −75 ± 23 mrad, which differs from zero by 3.2 standard deviations and is presented as the first evidence for mixing-induced CP violation in this channel. Other measured parameters agree with Standard Model predictions.

Significance. If the result holds, it provides the first evidence (3.2σ) for a non-zero mixing-induced CP phase in B_s decays, constituting a notable test of the Standard Model expectation of a small phase. The combined same-side and opposite-side ML tagging algorithm represents a technical advancement in flavor tagging efficiency. The direct comparison of the extracted φ_s to the external SM expectation, without circularity, is a strength. The combination of 13 TeV and 8 TeV datasets adds to the robustness of the quoted uncertainty.

major comments (1)
  1. [Flavor-tagging algorithm and angular analysis description] The 3.2σ significance for φ_s differing from zero depends on the unbiased extraction via the novel ML flavor tagger and the time- and flavor-dependent angular fit. The manuscript does not present calibration curves, control-sample results, or fit-validation plots demonstrating that differences in tagging efficiency or mistag probability between data and simulation, or background angular modeling, do not shift φ_s by an amount comparable to the 23 mrad uncertainty. This validation is load-bearing for the central evidence claim.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful and constructive review of our manuscript. The major comment identifies a key area where additional material can strengthen the presentation of the flavor-tagging and angular analysis validation. We address the point below and will revise the manuscript to incorporate the requested elements.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Flavor-tagging algorithm and angular analysis description] The 3.2σ significance for φ_s differing from zero depends on the unbiased extraction via the novel ML flavor tagger and the time- and flavor-dependent angular fit. The manuscript does not present calibration curves, control-sample results, or fit-validation plots demonstrating that differences in tagging efficiency or mistag probability between data and simulation, or background angular modeling, do not shift φ_s by an amount comparable to the 23 mrad uncertainty. This validation is load-bearing for the central evidence claim.

    Authors: We agree that explicit validation material is essential to support the robustness of the φ_s result. The current manuscript describes the ML tagger and fit procedure but does not include dedicated calibration curves, control-sample comparisons, or fit-validation plots at the level requested. In the revised manuscript we will add: (i) calibration curves for the combined same-side plus opposite-side ML tagger showing tagging efficiency and mistag probability versus p_T and η in both data and simulation; (ii) results from control samples (e.g., B^+ → J/ψ K^+) used to validate the mistag rates; and (iii) angular fit validation plots, including pull distributions and comparisons of background angular modeling between data and simulation. These additions will quantify that any residual data-simulation discrepancies contribute well below the 10 mrad systematic uncertainty and do not alter the 3.2σ significance of the combined result. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: direct experimental extraction from data

full rationale

The paper performs a time- and flavor-dependent angular fit to extract φ_s directly from 27 000 tagged B^0_s decays in 13 TeV data, using a novel ML tagger. The measured value is compared against the external SM expectation of a small phase; the 3.2σ deviation is a statistical statement about the fit result versus zero, not a quantity forced by construction from the inputs. The combination with the prior 8 TeV CMS result adds independent data and does not reduce the central claim to a self-citation. No self-definitional equations, fitted inputs renamed as predictions, or ansatzes smuggled via citation appear in the derivation chain.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 1 axioms · 0 invented entities

The measurement rests on standard assumptions of the LHC detector response, decay kinematics, and background modeling in B physics analyses; no new entities or ad-hoc parameters beyond the fitted physics quantities are introduced in the abstract.

axioms (1)
  • domain assumption The time- and flavor-dependent angular distribution of the μ+μ−K+K− final state can be modeled to extract the CP-violating phase φ_s without large biases from detector effects or backgrounds.
    Invoked in the description of the angular analysis used to measure the parameters.

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discussion (0)

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Reference graph

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